Hemp: A Help Or A Hindrance? Essay -- essays research papers fc

Hemp A Help or a Hindrance?Hemp, also known as ganja sativa, marijuana, grass, and by many an(prenominal) other names,has not been a legal commercial crop in the United States for almost sixty years.As common both centuries ago as cotton is today, hemp is not seen on the market.As many groups fight for hemp to run short legalized as a drug, many hatful arebattling for the plant to become legalized for its industrial and medical consumptions.From Disney Indiana Jones hats to fuel for our automobiles, hemp is ahardworking, environmentally sound renewable resource. People have become sowrapped up in the "drug" aspect of marijuana that many are forgetting its usesas an industrial material.Hemp is an ancient drug, first mentioned in a Chinese manuscript in 2700 BC.Its uses included treating gout, malaria, gas pains, and absent-mindedness.Hemp was an integral part of early Indo-European religious ceremonies forthousands of years. Records from Assyria in 650 BC referred to it as a drugcalled azulla that was used for making rope and cloth, and which was also usedfor experiencing euphoria. Hempen sails brought the Spanish, Dutch, and Britishconquerors to the new world (Charpentier 18). In North America, hemp was set near Jamestown in 1611 for use in making rope. In order to keep aconstant supply of hemp available, a law was passed in Massachusetts in 1639,requiring every household to plant hemp seed. In Maryland, Virginia, andPennsylvania, hemp was even used as a monetary unit. Thomas Jeffersons gulp ofthe Declaration of Independence, released by the Continental Congress on July 4,1776, was written on paper made from hemp (Whole undercoat Review 46). And the49ers washed gold from calcium creeks in Levis made from hemp. In 1937, theUnited States government passed the Marijuana Tax Act which prohibited the useof marijuana as an intoxicant and regulated its use as a medicine.Although there are hundreds of ingredients in marijuana, the main ingredient isa c hemical called tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC affects the brain and thecirculatory system, especially the warmness. This makes the heart beat faster andcauses small blood vessels to expand. This is the most visible in the eyes,where tiny capillaries swell and fill with blood, giving the eyes a bloodshot envision (Ravage 6).Marijuana had its day of glory in the 1960s. Casual use was widespread, mai... ...arent afraid to take the risk.The government may not approve of this, but it is going to happen. legalizehemp to be used for its practical purposes.For many years, there has been debate on whether or not to legalize marijuana.Hemp has been used in many ways. From using it to get high, to making paper formoney. Throughout its history the plant has been very useful. It has proven tobe a valuable asset to our economy and is something that cannot scarce bebrushed away. Although there are many people that abuse it, they are far manymore people that can benefit from its legalization. plant life Cited"Tree Free Paper." Whole Earth Review Fall 1993 46Charpentier, Sean. "Kentuckys Tobacco vs. Hemp." Dollars and SenseMay-June 1991 18"Can hemp help Northwest lick its timber problem?" Wood TechnologyMay-June 1993 8Ravage, Barbara. "Hemp or Health?" Current Health 2 Oct 1994 6Mason, Alan. "Hemp for Victory." Whole Earth Review Fall 1993 48Barry, John Byrne. "Is grass really greener?" Sierra Nov-Dec 1995 22"Marijuana use among teens nearly doubles in two years." the States Today Nov 10, 1995 Money

Hostile Takeover of the New World Essay -- Native American History Ind

Hostile Takeover of the New World The Effects of the united States Government on the Indians The responsibility of each nation, and the particular responsibility of elected officials of any nation, is not to justify what has passed for legality but to anticipate the conditions and problems of tomorrow and attempt to deal with them. The current confusion and wildness in Indian Country are a result of the failure to do so by generations of elected officials in this country. To continue to perpetuate myths some American Indians which have no basis in fact or in law is merely avoiding the larger issues confronting the nations of the world, said auth or Vine Deloria, Jr. (Deloria, Prologue) The United States government failed miserably in its attempt to deal with the Indians. By pushing them further and further West, they pushed the Indians to hate and distrust the white man to the point of war. These wars resulted in hundreds of white deaths. However, the wars resulted in the destruction of several entire Indian tribes and the near extinction of Indian spirit throughout America. The tale is a sad one and only(a), one that Americans should not be proud of. After every broken treaty, the Americans blamed the Indians for existing, despite the want of the Indians to simply live on their lands peacefully. The Trail of Tears was a great tragedy and many thought it would be the last now that all of the Indians were out of the eastern United States. But the U.S. government became land empty-bellied and due to their idealism of Manifest Destiny, the ... ... guide them as time passes and the Indians are further stereotyped as drunks and crooked casino owners. Alas, the ways of the Indians were replaced. Sacred hunting territories gave way to railroads and ranches. Buffalo are an animal of the past and often thought of as an animal of mysticism. Both the buffalo and the Indian culture are romanticized in movies that are neither truthful nor accurate. Stereotypes and prejudices replaced unity and togetherness. Pollution haunts every city on the planet. Respect of ones fellow man gave way to crimes unthought of by the Indians. They lived their lives honorably. They died honorably. veritable(a) despite hardships and misconceptions, they will continue to live honorably. That is one thing the government can never take away from them.

Television and Media Essay - TV Violence and the V-Chip :: Media Argumentative Persuasive Argument

TV Violence and the V-Chip         America has the highest crime rate in the world.  Along with that crimerate is also the substantially high violence rate.  Why is violencebecoming and everyday event in our society?  When you cast aside on thetele and tune into the news,  the highlight of every show is somehow directlyrelated or connected to violence.  We see it every evening and perhaps learn Ohmy gosh, how terrible. and then forget all about it two minutes later.  Orperhaps we dont even make all comments at all,  just a plain grunt or..huh...  This numbness to violence is very scary and very real.  Why is itthen that America has the most crime and violence. Why not Switzerland orAustralia.  Are we not as civilized and advanced as they?  I believe it is thisnumbness to violence that has made America so violent.         When I estimate back to my childhood and remember t elevision I rememberwatching such programs as Sesame Street,  Mr. Rogers, and Scooby - Doo.  Ihave nothing nevertheless pleasant memories filled with happiness,  peace,  understanding, and learning.  When you watch childrens programs today you see senselessviolence often as the first means of solving a problem.  The classic mess of goodly versus evil is the basis of these shows with violence as the answer.When children watch these programs they copy the actions and morals of theseshows depicting good and evil.  Children do not know what good is or whatevil is, how can they?  This world is not broken into good and evil.Evil to children is what opposes them,  what does not agree with them,  or anyother someone or thing that poses a possible difficulty.  Children must be taughtthat there are differences in this world.  This world is filled with many peopleholding distinct beliefs,  ideas,  and morals.  That is what makes t his worldso unique and colorful. Children need to learn to respect these differences froma very young age.  They need to learn to talk out and solve any disagreements orproblems through other means than violence.  They must not know violence as ananswer,  as if violence was never even an option to involve in solving aproblem.         I recently became aware of the problem of violence in children when Istarted observing small children at play at my apartment complex.  I had knownone small child in particular when he was just learning to speak.  I had watchedhim and talked with him for several years and find nothing violent nor

Zeus Essay -- essays research papers

Zeus was the son of Cronus and Rhea, an earlier race ofruling gods c tout ensembleed Titans. Cronus was king of all the Titans. Zeuswas the brother of Hades and Poseidon, Hades was the god of the infernal region and Poseidon was the god of the sea. Together theyoverthrew their father and the rest of the Titans. All thanks wasdue to Zeus for the dethrowning of Cronus. You see, before cronusever had children he heard a prophecy that unitary of his offspringswould overthrow him, so whenever his wife would have a child hewould swallow it. Then, after he had swallowed many babies, shegave birth to Zeus. She grew very fond of him, until Cronus calledher to thrust him the baby so he could swallow it. She hid Zeus in acave, and she gave Cronus a rock wrapped in cloth. he swallowedit whole just the like the other babies. Over the years Zeus grewstronger and wiser. Then, when the time was right he confrontedhis father and kicked him in the stomach. The shock from thismade Cronus vomit up t he gods, which were all to the full grown now.Zeus and his fellow gods overthrew Cronus and the Titans. Zeusand his brothers decided who would rule over what-Zeus...god of the heavensPoseidon...god of the seaHades...god of the underworldAll the gods shared the earth together.In all of Zeuss pictures he is depicted with a beard andmuscles. Hes also usually holding a lighting bolt. Zeus marriedHera, whom was also his sister. He disguised...

Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay -- essays research papers

Rheumatoid Arthritis or (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. The result is inflammation that produces permanent damage in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that tends to be progressive and destructive as compared to Osteoarthritis or (OA), which is more of an age related disease caused by go bad and tear of the joints. In contrast to (OA), rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation mostly of the joints, but is a general body disease. The type of joint that is chronically affected is the synovial joint. The bones that are at a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage which reduces friction and absorbs shock. The space amongst the articulating bones is called the synovial cavity, which is surrounded by an articular capsule. The outer seam of the capsule is called the fibrous capsule and consists of dense irregular connective tissue. The inner layer of the capsule is lined with the synovial membrane, w hich is composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and may also contain adipose tissue. In a bouncing joint the synovial membrane produces synovial fluid. The fluid not only reduces friction and lubricates the joint, but it also supplies nutrients and removes debris, wastes, and microbes.Rheumatoid arthritis affects twice as many women as it does men. It stern develop in child hood, but in most cases it develops amongst the ages of twenty-five and fifty. Rheumatoid arthritis itself may not be inherited, but what can be inherited are the genes that may make someone more likely to develop the disease including those genes that control the immune transcription.Normally the immune system protects your body against foreign proteins like bacteria, fungi, or viruses and it does this by attacking them and producing antibodies. In Rheumatoid arthritis the immune system loses its ability to tell the difference between these antigens and the bodies normal cells. The body beg ins to attack the normal cells by using its plasma cells to produce antibodies called serum rheumatoid factors (RF). The chemical messengers called cytokines control the inflammatory process. One of the trace cytokines is called Tumor Necrosis Factor or TNF which is part of the normal inflammatory process. People with rheumatoid arthritis have been foun... ...neumonitis, bone marrow suppression, and with long termination use even malignancy. Treatment also consists of rest and a nutritious diet. Some supplements such as fish or plant oils can be taken to partially relief some of Cavezza 7the symptoms because they can decrease the production of prostaglandins. Exercise and physiotherapy can restore muscle mass and friend preserve the range of motion. This is recommended after the inflammation subsides. Another alternative if or when drugs fail is arthroscopic or surgical synovectomy, which temporarily relieves inflammation. Prosthetic replacement of joints is possible, but this g reatly reduces the functionality. Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. In most patients, joint symptoms develop gradually over several years. In some sight, rheumatoid arthritis may progress rapidly. Other mess may have rheumatoid arthritis for a limited period of time and then enter a period of remission. More than two million people in the United States alone have rheumatoid arthritis and with research and development of new drugs and gene therapy there may be a clearer picture of a patients future and quality of life.

Rheumatoid Arthritis Essay -- essays research papers

Rheumatoid Arthritis or (RA) is an autoimmune disease that attacks the joints and connective tissue. The result is inflammation that produces permanent damage in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic syndrome that tends to be progressive and destructive as compared to Osteoarthritis or (OA), which is more of an age related disease caused by wear and tear of the joints. In contrast to (OA), rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by inflammation mostly of the joints, but is a general system disease. The type of joint that is chronically affected is the synovial joint. The finger cymbals that are at a synovial joint are covered by articular cartilage which reduces friction and absorbs shock. The space between the articulating bones is called the synovial cavity, which is surrounded by an articular capsule. The outer layer of the capsule is called the fibrous capsule and consists of dense irregular connective tissue. The inner layer of the capsule is lie with the synovial membr ane, which is composed of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and may also contain adipose tissue. In a healthy joint the synovial membrane produces synovial fluid. The fluid not only reduces friction and lubricates the joint, but it also supplies nutrients and removes debris, wastes, and microbes.Rheumatoid arthritis affects twice as many women as it does men. It can progress in child hood, but in most cases it develops between the ages of twenty-five and fifty. Rheumatoid arthritis itself may not be hereditary, but what can be inherited are the genes that may make someone more likely to develop the disease including those genes that control the immune system.Normally the immune system protects your body against external proteins like bacteria, fungi, or viruses and it does this by attacking them and producing antibodies. In Rheumatoid arthritis the immune system loses its ability to tell the difference between these antigens and the bodies normal cells. The body begin s to attack the normal cells by using its plasma cells to produce antibodies called serum rheumatoid factors (RF). The chemical messengers called cytokines control the inflammatory process. One of the key cytokines is called Tumor humiliation Factor or TNF which is part of the normal inflammatory process. People with rheumatoid arthritis discombobulate been foun... ...neumonitis, bone marrow suppression, and with long term use in time malignancy. Treatment also consists of rest and a nutritious diet. Some supplements such as fish or plant oils can be taken to partially relief some of Cavezza 7the symptoms because they can decrease the production of prostaglandins. Exercise and physiotherapy can restore muscle mass and help preserve the run for of motion. This is recommended after the inflammation subsides. Another alternative if or when drugs fail is arthroscopic or surgical synovectomy, which temporarily relieves inflammation. Prosthetic replacement of joints is possible, but t his greatly reduces the functionality. Rheumatoid arthritis affects everyone differently. In most patients, joint symptoms develop gradually over several years. In some people, rheumatoid arthritis may progress rapidly. Other people may have rheumatoid arthritis for a limited period of time and then enter a period of remission. More than two million people in the get together States alone have rheumatoid arthritis and with research and development of new drugs and gene therapy there may be a clearer picture of a patients future and case of life.

Asian Influences on the Filipino Culture

Asian Influences on the Filipino Culture Hindu Pre-contact period sooner the Spanish period, the archipelagoes of Southeast Asia were under the influence of traders from theHindu-Malayanculture, such(prenominal) as theMajapahit empire, which was then supplanted by Islamic teaching by Muslims traders from Gujarat, India. Influences from the Indian subcontinent may be traced in the beginning to before the arrival of the Arabs and the Europeans during the 15th and 16th centuries respectively. The rulers of many of the islands were called Rajas, or Rajahs.An example would be theVisayas, said to be named after the last Southeast Hindu Prince Srivijaya. Spanish era Further adherence to Hinduism was superseded by the advent ofIslambrought to the archipelago ByIndonesian,Malay, andArabmissionaries in the 14th century, as well as the arrival of Christianity with theSpaniardsin 1521. It is highly achievable however that the Philippines was part of Hindu empires based inJavaand in other isla nds prior to the introduction of these new religions.LocalRajahsgave tribute to such Hindu-Buddhist empires that includedSri VijayaandMajapahit. American period Ancient statues of the Hindu gods were hidden to prevent their destruction by Christians who worshiped a single deity. One such statue, known as Golden Tara, is a 4-pound princely statue of an Indo-Malayan goddess found inMindanaoin 1917, which now sits in theField Museum of Natural HistoryinChicago, and is dated from the period 13th to early 14th centuries. Another gold artifact, this time found onPalawan, is an image ofGaruda, the bird who is the mount ofVishnu.Hinduism today There is some growth in the religion as of late, although most temples run to the same communities. Actual adherents ofHinduism atomic number 18 mostly limited to communities that include indigenous and native peoples, expatriate communities, as well as new converts. There are variousHare Krishnagroups and popular Hindu personalities and groups such asSai Baba, andParamahansa Yogananda(SRF) that can be found. Hindu based practises likeYogaandmeditationare also popular. Arab 1. Islam 2. grand Turk government 3. Arabic language 4. Arabic writing system . Words like apo, sulat, alamat at salamat, came from the Arabic words ima, kitab and kali. 6. the use of calendar 7. singkil dance Chinese- The avocation Chinese influences on Filipino culture are still evident today * The use of porcelain wares, gongs, and other metals * The manufacture of gunpowder and setting off of fireworks during special(prenominal) occasions * The use of loose trousers and wearing of camisa de chino, slippers, wooden shoes * Gambling games such as jueteng and mahjong * Cooking such dishes as lumpia, mami, pancit and lechon Customs such as respect for elders and the veneration of ancestors * Traditions such as prearranged marriages and participation of a mediator in marital talks * Traits such as close family ties, self-control and hard work * The use o f words with Chinese etymology. Japanese The Japanese and Filipino trade traffic that began as early as 654 A. D. made its insure on the lifestyle of the Filipinos. The Japanese introduced industries such as the manufacture of weapons and tools, tanning of animal skin, and the artificial breeding of ducks and fish. To start with, there are Japanese Filipinos.Trade relations with Japan date as early as the 9th century. Japanese traders and merchants (as well as Okinawans) first settled during the 12th century AD under theLuzon Empireand the Majapahit Kingdom, especially in areas such as Paco and Davao and along Lingayen Gulf. Their influence is evident in the popularity of noodles (known as Mami), the game of mahjong, Japanese Mochi (rice cake) which is similar to Filipino Palitao. galore(postnominal) famous Filipinos are of mixed Japanese/Spanish/Filipino lineage Lou Diamond Phillips,Ferdinand Marcos, Paciano Rizal, Romnick Sarmienta, Gillian Akiko Thomson.And about 300,000 Filip inos live in Japan (2004 numbers), that means a of import cultural and financial influx. Including children of Filipino women living in Japan returning to learn English. Sources http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines http//wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_influences_of_Arabs_in_the_Philippinesixzz27xBP6ZEU http//wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_the_Chinese_influences_in_the_Philippinesixzz27x94L8pb http//wiki. answers. com/Q/What_are_some_Japanese_influences_on_the_Filipino_cultureixzz27xGJ9mIi http//answers. yahoo. com/question/index? qid=20080805045217AAqIJGA

One Lie Leads to Another Essay

The allegory that you might be interpreting in Stopping by Woods on a whitened Evening is one of obligations that a person has that should be done onward the end of the day or the end of their life. What obligations or responsibilities do you feel the closet to come back to at the end of a daycooking, children, pets, taking care of your family? When are the promises we need to keep made explicit, and when do they remain surd? The evening is the darkest evening of the year, winter solstice. It is also the shortest, in a period of cold and darkness. The images of the frozen lake, the dark, the deep, could be used to argue that Frost is thinking of death. stopping point here is beckoning, an escape from care. The repeated lines at the end seem to reinforce the heavy sense of obligation. They make the promises seem more weighty, inescapable. Therefore, while the poem is flush with images of death, the poem hearkens to life and fulfilling responsibilities before it is too late. The poem ends with the repeated phrase miles to go. There is always something a person can do before it is too late. So in a sense, life is reaffirming even at the end.Ruskin bondRuskin get was born on19th may 1934 in a military infirmary in Kasauli, to Edith Clerke and Aubrey Bond. His siblings were Ellen and William. Ruskins fuss was with the Royal Air Force. When Bond was four years old, his mother separated from his father and married a Punjabi-Hindu, Mr. Hari, who himself had been married once. Bond spent his early childhood in Jamnagar and Shimla. At the age of ten Ruskin went to live at his grandmothers house in Dehradun after his fathers sudden death in 1944 from malaria. Ruskin was raised by his mother, who remarried an Indian businessman. He completed his schooling at Bishop Cotton School in Shimla, from where he graduated in 1952 after winning several writing competitions in the school like the Irwin Divinity Prize and the Hailey Literature Prize.

Preschool Assessment Essay

This reputation addresses the many questions the mellowed/Scope Educational inquiry Foundation has received about trial runing four-year-olds. Our reasons for sharing this paper with early puerility practitioners, policy devoters, and p bents is three-fold (a) to provide basic entropy about the terms and issues surrounding legal opinion (b) to add an empirical and pragmatic perspective to what can sometimes be an im headlandioned debate and (c) to affirm our commitment to doing what is best for young children and supporting those who contract the programs and policies that serve them. exalted/Scope believes child sound judgement is a vital and necessary component of all postgraduate quality early childhood programs. estimate is important to understand and support young childrens development. It is also essential to enter and evaluate how effectively programs argon meeting their educational subscribe tos, in the broadest ace of this term. For assessment to occur, it must be feasible. That is, it must meet reasonable criteria regarding its efficiency, cost, and so on.If assessment places an un callable burden on programs or evaluators, it will non be under playscriptn at all and the lack of data will hurt all concerned. In addition to feasibility, however, assessment must also meet the demands of ecological boldness. The assessment must addresses the criteria outlined below for stateing us about what children in real programs atomic number 18 learning and doing each day. Efficiency and ecological grimness are not mutually exclusive, but must sometimes be balanced against one an opposite.Our challenge is to find the best balance under the conditions given and, when necessary, to hammer toward altering those conditions. Practically speaking, this means we must continue to serve children using research-based practices, fulfill mandates to secure program resources, and improve assessment procedures to better realize our ideal. This paper sets fort h the criteria to be considered in striving to make early childhood assessment adhere to these highest standards. Background The concern with assessment in the early childhood field is not saucily.Decades of debate are summarized in the guinea pig Association for the Education of preteen tiddlerren (NAEYC) publication Reaching Potentials Appropriate Curriculum and Assessment for Young tikeren (Bredekamp & Rosegrant, 1992). This position statement has just been expanded in a new document titled Early Childhood Curriculum, Assessment, and Program evaluation Building an Effective, responsible System in Programs for Children Birth through Age 8 (www. naeyc. org/resources/position_statements/pscape. asp).1What is new in this ongoing debate is the heightened attendance to examen young children as a means of holding programs accountable for their learning. Assessment in the Classroom (Airasian, 2002) offers the following definitions Assessment is the process of collecting, synthe sizing, and interpreting breeding to aid differentiateroom decision-making. It includes nurture gathered about pupils, tuition, and schoolroom climate. Testing is a semi-formal, organisationatic procedure for gathering a sample of pupils behavior. The results of a test are utilise to make generalizations about how pupils would have performed in similar but untested behaviors.Testing is one form of assessment. It usually involves a series of direct requests to children to perform, within a set period of time, specific tasks designed and conducted by vaingloriouss, with predetermined correct answers. By contrast, alternative forms of assessment may be completed either by adults or children, are more open-ended, and often look at performance over an extended period of time. Examples include objective honorings, portfolio analyses of individual and collaborative work, and instructor and parent ratings of childrens behavior.The current testing initiative focuses primarily o n literacy and to a lesser extent numeracy. The rationale for this initiative, advanced in the No Child Left Behind Act and supported by the report of the National Reading Panel (2000), is that young children should acquire a prescribed body of fellowship and schoolman skills to be ready for aim. Social domains of school readiness, while also touted as essential in a series of National Research Council reports (notably keen to pasturern, 2000a and Neurons to Neighborhoods, 2000b), are admittedly neither as widely mandated nor as testable as their academic counterparts.Hence, whether justified or not, they do not figure as conspicuously in the testing and accountability debate. This information paper responds to questions be asked of early childhood leaders about the use and misuse of testing for preschoolers 3 to 5 years old. This response is not merely a reactive gesture nor an attempt to advance and defend a specific position. Rather, the paper is intended as a resource to p rovide information about when and how preschool assessment in general, and testing and other forms of assessment in particular, can be impoundly apply to inform policy decisions about early childhood programming.As a framework for providing this information, High/Scope accepts two realities. First, testing is, will be, and in feature always has been, used to answer questions about the effectiveness of early childhood interventions. Since early childhood programs attempt to increase childrens familiarity and skills in specific content areas, evaluators have traditionally used testing, along with other assessment strategies, to determine whether these educational objectives have been achieved. Second, program accountability is essential, and testing is one cost-efficient means of measuring it.Numerous research studies show that high quality programs can enhance the academic and conducttime achievement of children at risk of school failure. This conclusion has 2 resulted in an i nfusion of public and private dollars in early education. It is reasonable to ask whether this investment is achieving its goal. Testing can play a role in answering this accountability question. With this reality as a background, this information paper proceeds to address two questions.First, given the current distributive use of testing and itsprobably expansion, when and under what conditions can this type of assessment be used appropriately with preschool-age children? That is, what characteristics of tests and their administration will guarantee that we do no harm to children and that we do care adults acquire valid information? Second, given that even the most well-designed tests can provide unless limited data, how can we increase the use of non-test assessments so they too add valuable information over and above that accomplished through like testing procedures?General Issues in Assessment Uses of Child AssessmentAssessment can provide four types of information for and about children, and their parents, teachers, and programs. Child assessment can 1. Identify children who may be in need of specialized services.Screening children to determine whether they would benefit from specific interventions is appropriate when parents, teachers, or other pros suspect a problem. In these cases, assessments in several related domains are then usually administered to the child. In addition, data from parents and other adults involved with the child are considered in determining a diagnosis and course of treatment.2. Plan instruction for individuals and groups of children. Assessment data can be used by teachers to support the development of individual children, as well as to plan instructional activities for the class as a whole. In addition, information on developmental progress can and should be shared with parents to help them understand what and how their children are learning in the classroom and how they can extend this learning at home. 3. Identify prog ram improvement and staff development of necessity. Child assessments can provide formative military rank data that benefit program and staff development.Findings can point to areas of the curriculum that need further articulation or resources, or areas where staff need professional development. If children in the classroom as a whole are not making progress in certain developmental domains, it is possible that the curriculum needs revision or that teachers need some additional training. In conducting formative evaluations, child data are best combined with program data that m overall quality, fidelity to curriculum implementation standards, and specific teaching practices. 4. Evaluate how well a program is meeting goals for children.It is this fourth purpose, sometimes called outcome or summative evaluation, that is the primary focus of this paper. 3 Note that it is the program, not the child, who should be held accountable. Although data may be collected on individual children, data should be aggregated to determine whether the program is achieving its desired outcomes. These outcomes may be defined by the program itself and/or by national, state, or district standards. How the outcomes are thrifty is determined by the inextricable link between curriculum and assessment.Ideally, if a curriculum has clear learning objectives, those will drive the form and content of the whole steps. Conversely, thoughtful design of an appropriate assessment tool can encourage program developers to consider what and how adults should be teaching young children. Reliability and Validity Any formal assessment tool or method should meet established criteria for validity and reliability (American Educational Research Association, American psychological Association, & National Council of Measurement in Education, 1999).Reliability is defined as how well various steps of something agree with each other, for lesson, whether a group of similar test items or two observers compl eting the uniform items have similar results. Validity has several dimensions. Content or face validity refers to how well an instrument appraises what it claims to measure ecological validity refers to the authenticity of the measurement context and construct validity deals with the measures conceptual integrity. In assessing young children, two aspects of validity have special importancedevelopmental validity and predictive validity.Developmental validity means that the performance items being measured are developmentally suitable for the children being assessed. Predictive validity means the measure can predict childrens subsequently school success or failure, as defined by achievement test scores or academic placements (on-grade, retained in grade, or placed in special education) during the elementary grades. Over the longer term, predictive validity can even refer to such(prenominal) outcomes as adult literacy, employment, or avoiding criminal activity.In Principles and Reco mmendations for Early Childhood Assessments, the National Education Goals Panel (1998) noted that the younger the child, the more difficult it is to entertain reliable and valid assessment data. It is particularly difficult to assess childrens cognitive abilities blamelessly before age 6 (p. 5). Meisels (2003) claims research lay outs that no more than 25 per cent of early academic or cognitive performance is predicted from information obtained from preschool or kindergarten tests (p. 29).Growth in the early years is rapid, episodic, and highly influenced by environmental supports. Performance is influenced by childrens emotional and motivational states, and by the assessment conditions themselves. Because these individual and situational factors affect reliability and validity, the Panel recommended that assessment of young children be pursued with the necessary safeguards and caveats about the accuracy of the decisions that can be drawn from the results. These procedures and ca utions are explored below. 4 Testing.Appropriate Uses of Testing Standardized tests are used to obtain information on whether a program is achieving its desired outcomes. They are considered objective, time- and cost-efficient, and suitable for making quantitative comparisons. Testing can provide valid data when used appropriately and matched to developmental levels. Moreover, tests can act as teaching tools by providing a window into what children already know and where they need more time, practice, and/or help to improve. Creating a valid assessment for young children is a difficult task.It must be meaningful and authentic, evaluate a valid sample of information learned, be based on performance standards that are genuine benchmarks, avoid arbitrary cut-off scores or norms, and have authentic scoring. The context for the test should be rich, realistic, and lure (Wiggins, 1992). It is therefore incumbent upon the creators of assessment tools to design instruments thatunlike artifi cial drills resemble natural performance. If these conditions are met, young children are more likely to recognize what is being asked of them, thus increasing the reliability and validity of the results.Criteria of Reliable and Valid Preschool Tests Both the content and administration of tests must respect young childrens developmental characteristics. differently the resulting data will be neither reliable nor valid. Worse, the testing experience may be negative for the child and perhaps the tester as well. Further, the knowledge and skills measured in the testing situation must be transferable and applicable in real-world settings. Otherwise the information gathered has no practical value. To throw meaningful data and minimize the risk of creating a harmful situation, tests for preschool-age children should satisfy the following criteria1. Tests should not make children tactile sensation anxious or scared. They should not menace their selfesteem or make them feel they have fa iled. Tests should acknowledge what children knowor have the potential to learnrather than penalizing them for what they do not know. 2. Testing should take place in, or simulate, the natural environment of the classroom. It should avoid placing the child in an artificial situation. Otherwise, the test may measure the childs response to the test setting rather than the childs ability to perform on the test content. 3.Tests should measure real knowledge in the context of real activities. In other words, the test activities as well as the test setting should not be contrived. They should resemble childrens ordinary activities as closely as possible, for example, discussing a book as the adult reads it. Furthermore, tests should measure broad concepts rather than narrow skills, for example, alphabetic and letter knowledge sampled from this domain rather than old(prenominal)ity with specific garner chosen by the adult. 5 4. The tester should be someone familiar to the child.Ideally, t he person administering the test would be a teacher or another adult who interacts regularly with the child. When an foreign researcher or evaluator must administer the test, it is best if the individual(s) spend time in the classroom beforehand, becoming a familiar and friendly figure to the children. If this is not feasible, the appearance and demeanor of the tester(s) should be as similar as possible to adults with whom the child regularly comes in contact. 5. To the extent possible, testing should be conducted as a natural part of daily activities rather than as a time-added or pullout activity.Meeting this criterion helps to satisfy the sooner standards of a familiar place and tester, especially if the test can be administered in the context of a normal part of the daily routine (for example, assessing book knowledge during a regular reading period). In addition, testing that is integrated into standard routines avoids placing an additional burden on teachers or detracting fr om childrens instructional time. 6. The information should be obtained over time. A single encounter, especially if brief, can produce inaccurate or distorted data.For example, a child may be ill, hungry, or distracted at the moment of testing. The test is then measuring the childs interest or willingness to respond rather than the childs knowledge or ability with respect to the question(s) being asked. If timedistributed measurements are not feasible, then testers should note unusual circumstances in the situation (e. g. , noise) or child (e. g. , fatigue) that could contribute single-encounter results invalid and should either schedule a re-assessment or discount the results in such cases.7. When repeated instances of data gathering are not feasible (e.g. , due to time or budgetary constraints), an attempt should be made to obtain information on the same content area from multiple and diverse sources. only if as young children have different styles of learning, so they will diff erentially demonstrate their knowledge and skills under varying modes of assessment. For example, a complete and accurate measure of letter knowledge may involve tests that employ both generative and recognition strategies. 8. The length of the test should be sensitive to young childrens interests and attention spans.If a test is conducted during a regular program activity (e. g. , small-group time), the test should last no longer than is typical for that activity. If it is necessary to conduct testing outside regular activities, the assessment period should last 1020 minutes. Further, testers should be sensitive to childrens comfort and engagement levels, and take a break or continue the test at another day and time if the child cannot or does not want to proceed. 9. Testing for purposes of program accountability should employ appropriate sampling methods whenever feasible.Testing a representative sample of the children who participate in a program avoids the need to test every chi ld and/or to administer all tests to any one child. Sampling strategies reduce the overall time spent in testing, and minimize the chances for placing undue stress on individual children or burdening individual teachers and classrooms. 6 alternating(a) Child Assessment Methods Alternative forms of assessment may be used by those who have reservations about, or want to supplement, standardise tests. These other methods often fall under the banner of authentic assessments.They engage children in tasks that are personally meaningful, take place in real life contexts, and are grounded in naturally occurring instructional activities. They offer multiple ways of evaluating students learning, as well as their motivation, achievement, and attitudes. This type of assessment is consistent with the goals, curriculum, and instructional practices of the classroom or program with which it is associated (McLaughlin & Vogt, 1997 Paris & Ayres, 1994). Authentic assessments do not rely on unrealist ic or arbitrary time constraints, nor do they emphasize flashing recall or depend on lucky guesses.Progress toward mastery is the backbone, and content is mastered as a means, not as an end (Wiggins, 1989). To document accomplishments, assessments must be designed to be longitudinal, to sample the baseline, the increment, and the preserved levels of change that follow from instruction ( wildcat well, Bixby, Glenn & Gardener, 1991). Alternative assessment can be more overpriced than testing. Like their counterparts in testing, authentic measures must meet psychometric standards of demonstrated reliability and validity.Their use, especially on a widespread scale, requires adequate resources. Assessors must be trained to bankable levels of reliability. Data collection, coding, entry, and analysis are also time- and cost-intensive. This investment can be seen as reasonable and necessary, however, if the goal is to produce valid information. Alternative child assessment procedures th at can meet the criteria of reliability and validity include observations, portfolios, and ratings of children by teachers and parents. These are described below. ObservationsIn assessing young children, the principal alternative to testing is systematic observation of childrens activities in their day-to-day settings. Observation fits an interactive style of curriculum, in which give-and-take between teacher and child is the norm. Although careful observation requires effort, the approach has high ecological validity and intrudes minimally into what children are doing. Childrens activities naturally integrate all dimensions of their developmentintellectual, motivational, social, physical, aesthetic, and so on.Anecdotal notes alone, however, are not sufficient for good assessment. They do not offer criteria against which to judge the developmental value of childrens activities or provide evidence of reliability and validity. Instead, anecdotal notes should be used to complete develo pmental scales of proven reliability and validity. Such an approach permits children to engage in activities any time and anywhere that teachers can see them. It defines categories of acceptable answers rather than single right answers. It expects the teacher to set the framework for children to initiate their own activities.It embraces a broad definition of child development that includes not only language and mathematics, but also initiative, social relations, physical skills, and the arts. It is culturally sensitive when teachers are trained observers who focus on objective, culturally neutral descriptions of behavior (for example, ditch hit Bob) rather than subjective, culturally loaded 7 interpretations (for example, Pat was very angry with Bob). Finally, it empowers teachers by recognizing their judgment as essential to accurate assessment.PortfoliosOne of the most fitting ways to undertake authentic, meaningful evaluation is through the use of a well-constructed portfolio sy stem. Arter and Spandel (1991) define a portfolio as a businesslike collection of student work that tells the story of the students efforts, progress, or achievement in (a) given area(s). This collection must include student lodge in selection of portfolio content, the guidelines for selection, the criteria for judging merit, and evidence of student self-reflection (p. 36). Portfolios describe both a place (the physical space where they are stored) and a process.The process provides richer information than standardized tests, involves multiple sources and methods of data collection, and occurs over a representative period of time (Shaklee, Barbour, Ambrose, & Hansford, 1997). Portfolios have additional value. They encourage two- and three-way collaboration between students, teachers, and parents advertize ownership and motivation integrate assessment with instruction and learning and establish a quantitative and qualitative record of progress over time (Paris & Ayres, 1994 Paulso n, Paulson, & Meyer, 1991 Wolf & Siu-Runyan, 1996 Valencia, 1990).Portfolios encourage teachers and students to focus on important student outcomes, provide parents and the community with credible evidence of student achievement, and inform policy and practice at every level of the educational system (Herman & Winters, 1994, p. 48). The purposes for which portfolios are used are as variable as the programs that use them (Graves & Sunstein, 1993 Valencia, 1990 Wolf & Siu-Runyan, 1996). In some programs, they are apparently a place to store best work that has been graded in a traditional manner.In others, they are used to create longitudinal systems to demonstrate the process leading to the products and to design evaluative rubrics for program accountability. There are also programs that merely have students collect work that is important to them as a personal, non-evaluative record of their achievements. When portfolios are not used to judge ability in some agreed-upon fashion, they are usually not highly structured and may not even include reflective pieces that demonstrate student growth and understanding.Portfolios are most commonly thought of as alternative assessments inelementary and second-string schools. Yet they have long been used in preschools to document and share childrens progress with parents, administrators, and others. For portfolios to be used for program accountability, as well as student learning and reflection, the evaluated outcomes must be aligned with curriculum and instruction. Children must have some choice about what to include in order to feel ownership and pride. Portfolios should document the creative or problem-solving process as they display the product, encouraging children to reflect on their actions.Conversations with children about their portfolios engages them in the evaluation process and escalates their desire to demonstrate their 8 increasing knowledge and skills. Sharing portfolios with parents can help teachers connec t school activities to the home and involve parents in their childrens education. teacher Ratings Teacher ratings are a way to organize teacher perceptions of childrens development into scales for which reliability and validity can be assessed. Childrens grades on report cards are the most common type of teacher rating system.When completed objectively, report-card grades are tied to students performance on indicators with delineated scoring criteria, such as examinations or projects evaluated according to explicitly defined criteria. In these ways, teacher ratings can be specifically related to other types of child assessments including scores on standardized tests or other validated assessment tools, concrete and specific behavioral descriptions (e. g. , frequency of participation in group activities, ability to recognize the letters in ones name), or global assessments of childrens traits (e. g. , cooperative, sociable, hard-working).Research shows that teacher ratings can have considerable short- and long-term predictive validity throughout later school years and even into adulthood (Schweinhart, Barnes, & Weikart, 1993). Parent Ratings Parent ratings are a way to organize parent perceptions of childrens development into scales for which reliability and validity can be assessed. Soliciting parent ratings is an excellent way for teachers to involve them as partners in the assessment of their childrens performance. The very process of completing scales can inform parents about the kinds of behaviors and milestones that are important in young childrens development.It also encourages parents to observe and listen to their children as they gather the data needed to rate their performance. An example of the use of parent ratings is the Head Start Family and Child Experiences Survey (FACES) study, in which parents ratings of their childrens abilities and progress were related to measures of classroom quality and child outcomes (Zill, Connell, McKey, OBrien et al . , 2001). inference Recent years have seen a growing public interest in early childhood education. Along with that support has come the use of high stakes assessment to justify the expense and apportion the dollars.With so much at stakethe future of our nations childrenit is imperative that we proceed correctly. to a higher place all, we must guarantee that assessment reflects our highest educational goals for young children and neither restricts nor distorts the substance of their early learning. This paper sets forth the criteria for a comprehensive and balanced assessment system that meets the need for accountability while respecting the welfare and development of young children. Such a system can include testing, provided it measures applicable knowledge and skills in a safe and child-affirming situation.It can also include alternative assessments, provided they too meet psychometric standards of reliability and validity. Developing and implementing a balanced approach to ass essment is not an easy or inexpensive undertaking. But because we value our children and respect those charged with their care, it is an investment worth making. 9 References Airasian, P. (2 002). A ssessment in the classroom. New Y ork Mc Graw-H ill. American Educational Research Association, American Psychological Association, & National Council of Measu rement in E ducation. (1 999). S tanda rds for edu cationa l and psy cholog ical testing.W ashington, DC American Psychological Association. Arter, J. A. , & Spande l, V. (199 2). exploitation p ortfolios of stud ent work in instru ction and a ssessment. E ducational Measurement Issues and Practice, 3644. Brede kamp, S. , & Rosegra nt, T. (Ed s. ) (1992 ). R eaching Potentials Appropriate Curriculum and Assessment for Young Children . Washington, DC National Association for the Education of Young Children. Graves, D . H. , & Sun stein, B. S. (19 92). P ortfolio p ortraits . New Hampshire Heinemann. Herma n, J. L. , & W inters, L. (199 4). Portfo lio research A slim collection . E duca tional Lea dership , 5 2 (2), 4855.McLa ughlin, M. , & Vogt, M . (1997) . P ortfolios in teacher education . Newark, Delaware International Reading Association. Meisels, S. (2003, 19 March). Can Head Start pass the test? E ducation Week , 2 2 (27), 44 & 29. National A ssociation for the Educa tion of Yo ung Childre n and Na tional Assoc iation of Ear ly Childhoo d Specia lists in State Dep artments of E ducation (2 003, N ovemb er. E arly Childhood Curriculum, Assessment, and Program Evaluation Building an Effective, Accountable System in Programs for Children Birth Through Age 8 . ) Washin gton, DC Authors. Av ailable online at www. naeyc.org/resources/position_statements/pscape. asp. N ational E ducation G oals Pane l. (1998). P rinciples and rec ommen dations for early childh ood assessm ents. Washington, DC Author. National R eading P anel. (200 0). T eaching children to read An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Washin gton, DC National In stitute of Child Health and Human Developm ent, National Institutes of Health. National R esearch C ouncil. (20 00a). E ager to learn Educating our preschoo lers. W ashington, DC National Academy P ress. National R esearch C ouncil. (20 00b).N eurons to neighborhoods The science of early childhood development. Washington, D C National Acad emy Press. Paris, S. G . , & Ayers, L. R . (1994) . B ecom ing reflective s tudents a nd teach ers with po rtfolios and authen tic assessment. Washington DC American Psychological Association. Paulson, F. L. , Paulson, P. R. , & Meyer, C. A. (1991). What makes a portfolio a portfolio? E duca tional Lea dership , 48 (5), 6063. Schweinha rt, L. J. , Barne s, H. V. , & Weika rt, D. P. (19 93). S ignificant benefits The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through age 27 .Ypsilanti, MI High/Sco pe Press. Shaklee, B . D. , Barb our, N. E ., Ambros e, R. , & H ansford, S. J . (1997) . D esigning and using portfolios. Boston Allyn & Bacon. Valencia , S. W. (1 990). A portfolio ap proach to classroom reading asse ssment Th e whys, whats an d hows. T he Reading Teacher , 4 3 (4), 338340. Wiggins, G . (1992) . Creating tests wo rth taking. E duca tional Lea dership , 4 9 (8), 2633. Wolf, D. , Bixby, J. , Glenn, J. , & Gardner, H. (1991).To use their minds well Investigating new forms of student assessment. In G. Gran t (Ed. ), R eview of research in education, V ol 17 ( pp. 3174). Washington D. C. American Educational Research Association. Wolf, K . , & Siu-Run yan, Y.(19 96). Po rtfolio purpo ses and po ssibilities. J ournal of Adolescent and Adult Literacy, 40 (1), 3037. Zill, N. , Conn ell, D. , Mc Key, R. H . , OBrien, R . et al. (2001 , January). H ead Start FACESlongitudinal Findings on Pro gram P erforma nce, Third Progres s Report. W ashington, DC Administration on Children, Youth and Families, U. S. Depa rtment of Health a nd H uman Services. 10 High/Scope Assessment Resources High/Scope has developed and validated three preschool assessment instruments. Two are for children, one focusing specifically on literacy and the other more broadly on multiple domains of development.The third measure is used to assess and improve the quality of all aspects of early childhood programs. These alternative assessments are described below. Early Literacy Assessment In the Fall of 2004, High/Scope will release the Early Literacy Assessment (ELA), which will evaluate the four key principles of early literacy documented in the Early Reading First Grants and the No Child Left Behind legislation phonological awareness, alphabetic principle, comprehension, and concepts about print. Evaluation will take place in a meaningful context that is familiar to children.

Cisco Systems, Inc Essay

lake herring Systems, Inc. is an American-based multinational corporation that designs and sells consumer electronics, networking and communications technology and services. Headquartered in San Jose, California, lake herring has more than 65,000 employees and annual revenue of US$40. 0 billion as of 2010. The stock was added to the Dow Jones Industrial Average on June 8, 2009, and is also included in the S&P 500 Index the Russell 1000 Index, NASDAQ100 Index and the Russell 1000 Growth Stock Index. 4 cisco is one of the worlds biggest technology corporations. integrated history One of the many buildings on the Cisco Systems campus in San Jose Len Bosack and Sandy Lerner, a married couple who worked as computer operations staff members at Stanford University, later joined by Richard Troiano, founded Cisco Systems in 1984. Lerner moved on to direct computer services at Schlumberger, moving full time to Cisco in 1987. The name Cisco was derived from the city name, San Francisco, which is why the phoners engineers insisted on using the lower case cisco in the early days.For Ciscos prototypic product, Bosack adapted multiple-protocol router software originally written some years before by William Yeager, another Stanford employee who later joined Sun Microsystems. The companys first CEO was Bill Graves, who held the position from 1987 to 1988. 5 In 1988, John Morgridge was appointed CEO, and succeeded in 1995 by John Chambers. While Cisco was not the first company to develop and sell a router,6 it was one of the first to sell commercially successful routers supporting multiple network protocols. 7 As the Internet communications protocol (IP) became widely adopted, the importance of multi-protocol routing declined.Today, Ciscos largest routers are primarily used to deliver IP packets. In 1990, the company was listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Lerner was fired as a result Bosack quit after receiving $200 million. Most of those profits were given to charities an d the two later divorced. Cisco acquired a variety of companies to bring in products and talent into the company. Several acquisitions, such as Stratacom, were the biggest deals in the industry when they occurred. During the Internet boom in 1999, the company acquired Cerent Corporation, a start-up company located in Petaluma, California, for roughly US$7 billion.It was the most expensive acquisition made by Cisco to date, and only the acquisition of Scientific-Atlanta has been larger. Several acquired companies have grown into $1Bn+ business units for Cisco, including local area network switching, Enterprise Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP), and home networking. Cisco acquired Linksys in 2003. In late March 2000, at the height of the dot-com boom, Cisco was the most valuable company in the world, with a market capitalization of more than US$500 billion. 89In July 2009, with a market cap of nearly US$108. 3 billion,10 it is still one of the most valuable companies. 11 The compa ny was a 2002-03 recipient of the Ron Brown Award,citation needed a U. S. presidential honor to recognize companies for the cautionary quality of their relationships with employees and communities. In 2010, Cisco bought Starent Networks, a mobile technology company and Moto Development Group, a product design consulting firm that helped develop Ciscos Flip video camera. 12 The Company has built its Globalization Centre East in Bangalore for $1 billion and 20% of Ciscos leaders forget be based there.

Red Pada and Red Fox

The wild coon bear comes from the family of Ailuridae and its scientific name is Ailurus Fulgens. The Red Fox, whose scientific name is Vulpes Vulpes, is from the Canidae family. They atomic number 18 both mammals and are the same size. However, the Red Panda and the Red Fox function similarities and differences in their appearance, habitat, diet, behaviour, reproduction and status of population. First of all, the Red Panda and the Red Fox are quite similar but a little different in their appearance. Like the Red Fox, the Red Panda has four legs, two ears, a desolate nose and two eyes at the side of their heads.They also have a long bushy tails with which they keep themselves warm, resembling a cover, in winter. The Red Panda looks like a cat, while the Red Fox looks like a dog. The main colour of the fur of these two animals is red. The Red Panda has while fur on its cheeks, slightly its eyes, and has dense fur from its neck to its feet. In contrast, the Red Fox has while fur from its neck to its stomach and has black fur on its ears. There are both similarities and difference in their habitat. The Red fox and the Red Panda can both be strand in the forest.But the Red Panda lives in temperature bamboo forests in northeast Asia, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Laos, Myanmar and Eastern Himalaya mountain at 1500-4000m above sea level. While the Red Fox lives around the world in many kinds of environments such as forests, grasslands, mountains and deserts. Most of the Red Foxes are found in the United States , Canada, Asia and Europe. The Red Panda sleeps in trees, whereas the Red Fox sleeps in dens. The next similarities and differences of them are in their diet.Both the Red Panda and the Red Fox eat many kinds of food, such as fruit, insects, birds egg, small birds and rodents. The main food of the Red Panda is bamboo leaves and young bamboo, while the favourite food of the Red Fox is rodents. In terms of behaviour they are somewhat similar, but there are also some differences. They are both solitary animals, expect when they have a partner. The Red Panda is a excellent tree climbers. While the Red Fox hears very well and run with speed up to 48 km/h. Besides, the Red Fox like play with its prey before kill them.Finally, they are also similar but different in the way they reproduce. The Red Panda has a pregnancy period about 130 days, and its blighter lives with it for one year. On the other hand, the Red Fox has a gestation period less than two months, and its cub leaves its mother after seven months. Both animals give babies although different gestation period. In conclusion, there are both similarities and differences between these two animals. They are share some similarities and differences in factor of them. The Red Panda is endangered species, while the Red Foxs population are stable.

High School and Everyday Pressures Essay

The topic sentence of the paragraph Is, a trip to the ocean can be a relaxing escape from everyday pressures of biography. b. What sentence is unrelated to the topic and can be eliminated? The sentence that is unrelated to the topic is, you should always be blow-by-blow to avoid overexposure to the sun at the beach. 2. List four things to look for when youre proofreading. Four things you should look for while proofreading are, grammar, spelling, correct punctuation, and proper capitalization. 3. Complete the following both steps a. Define the term cliche.The term cliche is a word, phrase, or idea that is over used. b. create verbally one sentence that contains a cliche. The mother express to the daughter angrily, youll never get through school unless you get your act together. Get your act together is the cliche. 4. Name and explain two types of prewriting. Brainstorming, make a list of every idea that comes to mind. Free writing, you fill a piece of paper with any idea that co mes to mind about your topic. 5. Choose one of the topics listed under and write a five-sentence paragraph using chronological order To arrange the details of the paragraph. . Signing on to my homepage is simple. Signing on to my home page is simple. First, what I do when I turn on my computer, is click on the internet. Second, I go to the favorites tab and click High School Courses. This automatically pulls up the homepage. consequently I go to the top left and click student login. Last, I type in my information and get to work. 6. Choose one of the following topics. Write an eight-sentence paragraph that fully develops the topic. d. A high school diploma is important to my future. I feel you cant be successful in life without some form of education.For example, over the summer I attended a volunteer program at a Homeless shelter. My experience was non meritless at all. In fact the people there were really nice. Every person I talked to had either dropped out of high school or did not apply themselves. Discussing with the people at the shelter made me realize my life wasnt so bad and how having a education is a must in todays society. After that experience I decided that I needed to get my high school diploma so I do not have to struggle for the rest of my life. By writing this essay I have finally accomplished my goal.

Ethical Issue in Pharmacy

The ethical duty of a pharmacy is to promote a patients best interest. However, authentic obvious ethical materializations will arise. Within each business involved in bulk purchasing the issue of unconscious theft will similarly occur. The following paper focuses on the application of ethical theories that supports as well as argues the behavior within Chaguanas medicate Mart. Chaguanas Drug Mart was established in 2008 and is no ordinary pharmacy since it provides more than your medical needs such as beautiful unusual gifts.The store stocks a range of alternative products, including pamper c ar items, comfort food, household appliances, paper products, diabetic foods and a cosmetic counter. It is located on 10 Chaguanas Main Road which is a central berth that conveniently attr works customers. Chaguanas Drug Mart believes its greatest asset is loyal, hard- exiting race who cooperate in a spirit of teamwork to help the company grow and prosper.Ethics involves identifying, d ifferentiating, and defend concepts of just and price. The following paper focuses on 1ethical dilemmas which ar also called an ethical paradox within a pharmaceutical business by focusing on the relationship between law and morals and applying the key ethical theories which derive from normative ethical systems which are broken down into four categories which are deontological, teleological, utilitarianism and relativism.quandary 1- Pharmacy technicians and floor employees access to controlled substances The drugs prescribed by a qualified medical professional are known as prescription drug drugs. The explosion of prescribing and devour legal narcotics and controlled drugs is known as drug diversion which has become an ethical dilemma within the pharmaceutical industry. Within Chaguanas Drug Mart, taking prescription drugs without the obligatory doctors prescription has become a justifiable norm.However, whether it is obtained initially for a legitimate medical purpose, ther e are ethical implications. According to Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) deontological or duty-based ethics had an interesting theory that places particular emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions. This ethical theory is applied to the issue of filling prescriptions for narcotic analgesics or pain relievers benzodiazepines or therapeutic tranquilizers stimulants and barbiturates or sedatives by the technicians within Chaguanas Drug Mart as unlawful.It is stated that prescription drug diversion involves the unlawful channelling of regulated pharmaceuticals from legal sources to the illicit marketplace, which according to the Kantian rule under categorical imperative human beings occupy a special place in creation, and morality can be summed up in one ultimate commandment of reason, or imperative, from which all duties and obligations derive such as a prescription drug may only if be sold by a pharmacist when authorised by a written prescription from a medical practitioner.Pharmacist believe they are serving man kind by issuing life-saving drugs and ensuring that people who need their products have access to them and consequentialism supports this belief. Consequentialists are the view that normative properties depend only on consequences. Therefore an ethical analysis is only worthwhile if it ultimately leads to action and is simply a soil for making individual decisions, where the bottom line is to each his own. Jeremy Bentham (1789), John Stuart Mill (1861), and Henry Sidgwick (1907) indicate Act Consequentialism is the claim that an act is morally right if and only if that act maximizes the good, that is, if and only if the total amount of good for all minus the total amount of bad for all is greater than this net amount for any incompatible act available to the agent on that occasion. The issuing of prescription drugs without the doctors permission is a good that has outweighed the risks since most patients cannot afford ano ther(prenominal) visit or are still experiencing pain after the prescription has run out.Many customers are relatives or friends of the workers and are aware that the drugs are the only source to relief but do not go to the doctor for the necessary documents since there is easy access to the items such as antibiotics. Those who work in the medical field know that protecting patient safety is the ultimate ethical principle therefore the argument is twofold where technicians face numerous ethical dilemmas because the total amount of good minuses the total the amount of bad however Kantian argues that the wrong thing regardless of how justifiable is till the wrong thing.The ethical dilemma is resolved however by placing inventory checks on all prescription drugs within the business which will manage the supply and fecal matter of stock/Inventory. Although this may not completely solve the current issue, it will certainly limit the level of diversion. Dilemma 2- Employee monitoring in the work surroundings Employee monitoring has emerged as a necessity and is the act of watching and monitoring employees actions during working hours using employer equipment/property (Raposa & Mujtaba, 2003).Within the company, employees have disregarded the term ply discount by practicing in unethical behaviour which encompasses stealing the drugstore supplies as well as time theft. Although time theft can be a more subtle form of unethical behaviour, according to Aristotles perspective in applying moral absolutism to this dilemma, it is seen that any way you look at it, taking something that doesnt belong to you is stealing.Moral absolutism is the ethical view that certain actions are absolutely right or wrong, regardless of other contexts such as their consequences or the intentions behind them which is also supported by Immanuel Kants deontology. Kants argument that to act in the morally right way, one must act from duty begins with an argument that the highest good must be intrinsically good. However, moral absolutism can be debated with relativism which is subjective and includes concepts such as utilitarianism and idealism.Utilitarianism can be applied since it is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its outcome. Mills (1806-1873) rule utilitarianism is much more relative in that he encourages people to do acts that are pleasurable to themselves as long as they are what he calls a higher pleasure. Moral Absolutism versus utilitarianism is two peak ethical approaches to reality. While they are both valid and supported by facts, they are very contrasting in their views with regards to employee monitoring in the work environment. just about employees consider themselves a paragon of virtues loyal, hard working and honest, however even minor pilfering from the office amounts to stealing and has become the norm, not the exception at Chaguanas Drug Mart. Most employee theft is as a result of an employee being dissatisfied w ith the job or circumstances within the job and this ethical dilemma could be resolved by speaking with the employees to gain awareness of job satisfaction and how to make the job more rewarding.Many companies, because of lack of controls and a casual status toward employee theft, provide an inviting opportunity for an employee who has a tendency to steal. In many cases, employees, provided with a wealth of opportunities to steal, consider company property as their own. Although (Murphy, 1993) indicated that The propensity for employees to steal seems to be related to the individuals need, opportunity, skills, and attitude toward committing an illegal act, a study performed by Deloitte & Touche USA Ethics & Workplace (2007) showed there is a strong relationship between ethics and work-life balance.In fact 91 percent of respondents stated they believe workers are more likely to behave ethically at work when they have a work-life balance. The moral development of individuals (Greenb erg, 2002) concerning ethical maturity to choose right from wrong in ethical dilemmas was found to be inversely related to theft.Research on employee deviant behaviour has shown that workers model their behaviours on those of their co-workers or work group members (Robinson & OLeary-Kelly 1998), and the ethical concepts applied the importance of employer to employee communication to instil what is wrong even though it may appear to be morally right as in the case of issuing prescription drugs without a prescription which is justifiable as doing the right thing. Since employee theft is a critical problem in many organizations (Murphy, 1993), any additional understanding of its causes and correlates assists in taking action to decrease theft rates.

Report on Usha Martin

ON gross sales PROCEDURES & LOGISTICS PREPARED FOR AND PRESENTED TO (WIRE & WIRE ROPE SPECIALITY DIVISION, RANCHI) infra THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. ARUN KUMAR DEY (Assistant publicager) ( gross sales Co-ordination) SUBMITTED BY NIKHIL KIRAN BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI. (2008-11) ANKIT KHANDELWAL BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI. (2008-11) VIKASH KUMAR DUBEY BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI. (2008- 11) DECLARATION CERTIFICATEThis is to certify that the tap pre directed in the shake off entitled SALES PROCEDURES AND LOGISTICS OF USHA MARTIN in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of score of BACHELOR OF rail line ADMINISTRATION of Birla bring in Of Technology Mesra,Ranchi is an au and thentic give carried come reveal under my supervision and guidance . To the stovepipe knowledge, The content of this run across does not form a basis for the award of all previous degree to any angiotensin converting enzyme else. (A. R. SRIVASTAV) Dept Of management Birla Institute Of Technology Lalpur Ext ension Centre Ranchi CERTIFICATE OF APPROVALThe foregoing project entitled SALES PROCEDURES & LOGISTICS OF USHA MARTIN LTD. Is hereby approved as a credible training of inquiry military issue and has been presented in satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as perquisite to the degree for which it has been submitted. It is understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not necessarily cobblers lastorse any conclusion d raw(prenominal)n or opinion evince therein, but approve the thesis for the use of goods and services for which it is submitted. Intenal Examiner External Examiner Head Of The subdivisionAcknowledgement The satisfaction and euphoria that ac club the produceive uttermost of the work would be incomplete unless I mention the people, as an rumination of gratitude, who make it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement served as a beacon of light and crowned my efforts with success. This report would have been impossible but for the s upport and guidance that we received from versatile people at diverse stages of the project. Our sincere thanks to MR. A. R. SRIVASTAV whose excellent guidance, encouragement and patience has made possible the successful completion of this project.Last but not the least we extend my sincere thanks to the stainless team for providing me their epoch and alive(p) co-operation and all who have helped me directly or indirectly in this project. CONTENTS SI. No. Description patience and Company Profile a) Vision b) A brief History c) different(a) Particulars d) Competitors The Project Profile 1 2 Sales procedure and System 3 Sales procedure and form 4 grapheme analysis Testing 5 Dispatch The Project-Background & Methodology 1 inquiry Topic 2 Research target Research design 4 Information want 5 Sampling 6 Limitations abbreviation and passport 1 Logistics 2 compend of military operation involved in payload speech rhythm 3 Findings / Suggestions 4 Analysi s of finishical Dispatch of fit out and set 5 Findings / Suggestions 6 Swot Analysis for UML Conclusion BIBLIOGRAPHY VISION In our chosen business, we shall retain grocery leadership in India and shall be globally competitive through client orientation and excellence in quality, innovation and technology. Looking Back A Brief History 960 The Company was incorporated as Usha Martin Black (Wire Ropes) limited having its wire catch constitute at Ranchi. The name was falsifyd to Usha Martin Black Ltd. in 1979 and barely changed to Usha Martin Industries Ltd. (UMIL) in 1983. 1962 the action was started and the turnover that year was 996 MT and Rs. 22. 34 lakhs respectively. 1965 UMIL promoted Usha Ismal Ltd. (UIL) in collaboration with CCL Systems Ltd of UK for the perform of fittings and accessories, equipment for pre-stressed concrete musical ar barfment, wire ropes and wire ropes splicing equipment at Ranchi.UIL integrate with UMIL in 1990 and became a segmentat ion of the fellowship 1969-promoted Usha Brecko Ltd. To design, construct and erect Arial ropeway. 1971 UMIL promoted Usha Alloy Steels modified (UASL) for the manufacture of billets at Jamshedpur. UASL merged with UMIL in 1988. 1975 UASL acquired an ongoing rolling mill at Agra. 1975 UMIL set up its Machinery Division at Bangalore for the manufacture of Wire Drawing and allied machines in technical collaboration with Marshall Richards Barcro Limited (MRB) of UK. 1979 In order to obtain steady supply of wire rods for its wire rope plant, UASL set up a Wire Rod Rolling Mill at Jamshedpur. 980-Promote Usha Siam mark industry Ltd. in Thailand to manufacturing wire, wire rope , and auto control cables. 1986-Promote Usha Beltrone Ltd. To manufacture Jelly filled. 1987 UMIL, along with Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation, promoted Usha Beltron Ltd. (UBL) in collaboration with AEG KABEL of Germany for the manufacture of Jelly Filled Telephone Cables. 1993-Promoted Usha Martin Pvt. Ltd. a joint venture, to provide cellular, paging and Telecom services. 1994-Setup softw ar division to provide IT solutions for communication application. Setup Usha Martin Europe Ltd. a dispersion center at Glasgow, U.K. 1996-Promoted summit Usha Martin pay Ltd. a joint venture to proved monetary services. 1997 UMIL merged with UBL i. e. 1st October 1997. 1998-Setup Usha Martin amerces inc. , distribution center in Houston. Setup UMLcor, South Africa, a manufacture unit and distribution center in Johannesburg. 2000 Acquisition of oddment wire rope manufacturing plant in UK BruntonShaw. charge of 25 MW thermal power plants for captive consumption. 2001 Commissioning of 2nd SMS to enhance capacity and produce quality specialty steel. 2003 Usha Beltron Ltd Changed its name to Usha Martin Limited (UML).UML created Fine stack Plasticated coated Fine wires, ho affairhold wire, Polymer coated wire, Fine Ropes & B remedy Bars manufacturing facilities in Tatisilwai- Ranchi. 2004-The company successful commissioned DRI and WHRB power plant at its steel division in Jamshedpur. 2005-The company signs an MOU with Joh. Pengg for manufacturing of the specialty fossil oil tempered spring steel wire. Commences iron ore mines successfully. railroad track siding commenced. 2006-Pursuant to B. T. A. the company acquired the business of Usha construction steel ltd. , Rolling mill at Agra w. e. f. 1st-dec- 2006 as a part of the steel segment. 007- Peng Usha Martin collaborates with Jo-Peng, Austria in 2007 for Special Wire. 2008-. In this year Usha Martin Limited has awarded for excellence in consistent TPM (Total overlapive master(prenominal)tenance) in 2008 by Japan Institute of plant maintenance (JIPM), and CII (Confederation of Indian Industries) 2009- In this year company sets some more(prenominal) plants inside the Tatisilwai wire and wire rope plant and the construction and upgradation is continued, like 20MW power plant is under construction which leave behind increase the monthly crossingion of the unit. A 3000 tn capacity LRPC plant was established in this year at Tatisilwai plant.The company acquired Netherland based distribution and Rigging Company De Ruiter Stackable B. V. Successfull commissioning of wire rope plant at Houston, America. Other Particulars IN USHA MARTIN L. T. D Location Chotanagpur Plateau Plant Area112 Acres Ne atomic number 18st TownRanchi (13 Km) Neargonst Railway StationTatisilwai (1 Km) Neargonst Airport Ranchi (17 Km) Nearest HighwayN H-33 (8 Km) Nearest wayKolkata (412 km) PowerContracted demand 8000 KVA Source-JSEB Water2400-3200 m3/day SourcesSubernekha River . Competitors for Usha Martin Ltd. GLOBAL COMPETITORS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS COMPANYCOUNTRY touch wireKoreaBritish RopeU. K. Haggier randSouth Africa FedgerSwitzerland Austria droughtAustria CasarGermany BridonGermany DietzGermany John ShawU. K. RedaelliItaly SFESpain TeufelbergerAustria PfeifferSwitzerland DOMESTIC COMPETITORS IN INDIA South India wireKerela Bombay Wire RopesMaharashtra Bharat Wires Ropes Maharashtra INTRODUCTION ON SALES PROFILE Sales Co-ordination plane member occupies a strategic bunk in USHA MARTIN LTD. It spreads the organizations effort to supply customer with ever increasing qualitative of product at gatherable expense. Good products at competitive price are not enough.Companys success is affected by the dealings and association of the sales Co-ordination part with customer and public, sales Co-ordination department with some other department with other department influence the companys reputation with public. So apiece and every department is able to maintain a healthy alliance with sales department. QUALITY OBJECTIVES OF SALES CO-ORDINATION DEPARTMENT VISION QUALITY WORK WITH LOWEST COST SALES PROCEDURE FLOW CHART ENQUIRY First of all enquiry is made about the product call for i. e. whether the company has required product of required size, length, weight, rate, pitch ing etceterateraterateraQUOTATION In Quotation Company gives dilate information on certain matter to the customers. The quotation includes Product variance Rate Lead period Delivery Making time PURCHASE ORDER leveraging order gives the complete of the product demanded by the customer. Purchase order is packed to the Head office of the company. Along with the veiling letter, the Purchase order is forwarded to the plan Department of the company and jibely sales order is prepared. It contains following information * Name of the customer with address. * Place, the products are to be delivered (consignee). * Reference no. hich is employ as order number by the company. * Name of the product. * surface of the product. * Construction of the product. * Coating and core of the product. * Rate/price of the product. * Quantity of the product. * Remark. SALES ORDER Sales order is prepared in the planning department with the help the existing system (BAAN). It contains entire inf ormation as given in the leveraging order. Sales order is send to branch office, Kolkata marketing, quality assurance, sales co-ordination Department with the help of BAAN. BAAN is an intra organizational network connected with the computer and is automatically up run acrossd.SALES ORDER CONTAINS * Customer address with code. * fix acceptance no. * Customers order no. * Quotation. * Order no. * Date. * Branch Name. * Consignee. * Taxes & Duties. * postal address. * Other expenses. (Insurance, octroi, leaven, commission) * Banker. * Payment terms. PRIME STOCK Prime store is the MIS of finished goods. It is prepared by production department. It provides the clear picture of what products have been produced and their composition and thus it facilitates in analyzing. Prime acquit report is sent to sales co-ordination department. It provides the following details Sales order. * Project & lot. * Length of the product. * Weight of the product * Reel used for packing and its weight. * Type, size & construction of the product. * Coating lay, tensile. * Lubri fundamentt used in the product. * Closing sheet date & status of the product. * Rate and value of the products. * Information regarding party code, consignee & Destination. * Inspection and age of the product. IMPORTANCE a) Prime stock assists sales co-ordination department to take the decision in b) What ratio dispatch will be made. c) It helps in making the dispatch advice or rough challan no. ) It helps in knowing the detail special(prenominal)ation of the products to be dispatched. PRODUCTION PLAN after the sales order has been made, the company plans about the raw solids to be purchased, the raw materials in stock, container requirement, delivery time etc. It contains the following plan * Monthly production plan. * Quantity shrewd production plan. * Order wise production plan. * Raw material wise production plan. * Number of Man power submited. * Nos. of Reels, Bobbins required. * Machine planning. PR ODUCTION After production plan the actual production takes ship in the production department.The following production regale is followed Rod Ironing Pickling Denting Wire Mill (rod is drawn to mother wire) ROD WIRE STRAND ROPE WIRE * Galvanized (zinc or lead) * Black Rope Construction * 6/36 i. e. it contains 6 strands & one strand contain 36 wires. There are many Other constructions like 1/7, 6/7 , 6/26, 8/36 , 6/ 19 etc. * It may be G/S (Galvanize Steel) , B/S (Black Steel), G/F (Galvanize Fibre coat) etc. Q A Testing The product produced is send to the QA department and when QA passes it certificate of campaign is released and then closing stock is ascertained. DISPATCH For dispatch of goods following planning is do * Advance dispatch plan * Container requirement. * Container Fumigation (Methyl bromide). * Loading . . . . . . . . LOGISTICS IN USHA MARTIN LIMITED The major elements of market logistics in UML are * Order Processing * Ware Housing * inscription * Transportatio n * Information Monitoring * GPS (Global Positioning System) . The Transportation System Introduction The transfer of training system is the tangible subsume connecting a company customers, raw materials suppliers , pants ,warehouses and channel members the fixed point in a logistics supply chain.The fixed points in the logistic system are where some activity temporarily halts the feast of goods in the logistics pipeline. The Role of Transportation In Logistics. Bridge over buyer-seller gap Conceptually, a companys logistics supply chain is a series of fixed points where the goods come to rest and transportation links. The transportation link permits good to flow between the various fixed points and nosepieces the buyer-seller gap. Value added Transportation is the physical get out connecting the companys geographically dispersed operation.More specifically, transportation added value to the company by creating time and place utility the value added is the physical movement of goods to the place desired and at the time desired. Global pertain As supply chain becomes increasingly in our global economy, the transportation function is connecting buyers and sellers that may be tens of thousands of miles apart. The Transportation Selection Decision The common carrier selection decision is a narrow purchasing process whereby a film purchases the service a carrier to provide the necessary link among logistics facilities.It must to a fault consider the other costs associated with how the transport methods services affected the facility operation. The transferral time, the greater the inventory level the company requires to protect against stock outs until the next shipment get under ones skins. Modal option Carrier selection is a twofold process. First the firm selects a transportation mode. The choice includes the radical mode of rail, peeing, hand hand transports, air, and pipeline. In addition, intermodal transportation, which used two or more modes to provide services over a given traffic lane, is available.The most common forms of intermodal transportation include rail-truck (piggyback), truck air and rail water. unique(predicate) carrier choice the endorse step in the decision is to select a specific carrier from within the chosen mode or intermodal form. The specific carrier selection requires the firm to choose the intelligent carrier type common, regulated, contract, exempt or private. , . MODE OF LOGOSTICS DEPARTMENTS Intermodal Transportation Intermodal transport services refer to the use of two or more carriers of different modes in the through movement of a shipment. PiggybackPiggyback is a specialized from in which rail and motor transport coordinate. In piggyback, the carrier places the motor carrier trailer on a rail flatcar, which moves the trailer by rail for long distance. A motor carrier combines the long- haul, inexpensive advantage of rail with the accessibility of motor. Rail motortruck Pipeline Water Air . . . TRANSPORTATION IN USHA MARTIN LIMITED The process adopted in UML for transportation under logistics are - 1. ) Basic Mode Roadways 2. ) particular proposition type a) By Truck b) By trailer ) By container Specific Type Trailer Container Truck Mainly for Export 10 Wheeler 6 Wheeler Wheeler Diff. trailer with diff. capacity 30 ton 15 ton Open top Close on Fig- Flow chart of specific type of transportation TRANSPORTATION DEPARTMENT UML is delivering the outgoing finished goods to the domestic customer through roadways and railways. Roadways cover the maximum delivery to the customers. But for the international customers UML is sending the finished goods through waterways (i. e. shipping). As we know that the water is the one of the cheapest means of transportation.Some times UML is meeting the customers need through airways, (the cost is to be paid by customers) when there is a quick delivery needed. Fig. Overall Process of Transportation In Usha Martin Limited (From sales D epartment) Process involve in Loading Cycle 1. ) Main supply certificate - The truck / trailer reports to the main gate. The security officer inspects the vehicle no. , transport name, drivers name and license no. the owner book and in time of the trucks. 2. ) Weigh bridge - here(predicate) trucks are weighted earlier lade the material and a slip is given to the driver of cheater weight. 3. Transporter reports to the sales officer - The transporter reports to the department after the arrival of trucks inside the factory exposit so as to prepare the loading advice. 4. ) Trucks reports to dispatch plain - After reporting to the main gate security and weight- machine the truck reports to the dispatch area to inform the department of its arrival. 5. ) Sales release the loading advice - Soon after the transport reports, the department releases the loading advice so that the loading process starts. 6. ) Trucks are nonsensical as per the loading advice - The dispatch section segreg ated material as per loading advice memo.The materials are peeved in such a way that the packing does not damaged during loading and in transit. 7. ) askew truck reports to weight bridge - After loading the trucks again reports to the weight machine. Here again a ship of grand weight and net weight is given to the driver. 8. ) Sales releases the dispatch paperss - The sale department releases the dispatch documents that consist of transporter note or receipt, excise / custom gate pass, packing list, documentation of test, road permit that are attached to the invoice before handling over the documents to the transporter 9. ) Main gate security -The second interactions clears or checks the party name and address, material description, quantity, invoice of the nasty truck and keep record of out time the loaded trucks. Fig. Flow of Transportation within Factory expound (For Finished Goods) Distribution Network of UML, Ranchi EXPORTS IN INTERNATIONAL MARKETS BY UML Works Usha Marti n Limited Ranchi Kolkata PortHaldia Port Mumbai Port Usha Martin, AmericaUsha Martin, Scandinavia Mid eastmost Countries Usha Martin, Europe, UKUMLCOR, Africa To Different Customer Fig. Process of Export rope dispatch used by Usha Martin Limited (By sales Department)ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION USHA MARTIN INDUSTRIES assess the logistic function, which help the raw material which is purchased and then it is be after accordingly for the production and when the production is finished good is kept in the stock godown from there it is despatched according to the demand of the customer through the efficient distribution channels to the destination or warehouse accordingly. From Purchase Department- Purchase department deals with the purchase of raw materials like wire rod and lubricants (from Jamshedpur), chemicals from (Mumbai) like, HCL Borax, etc.Propane gas (from GILO, coat lead (from Kolkata. ) In this department relevant information are incorporated in the purchase orders so that product supplied by the sub-contractors, meet desired quality requirements. The product is reviewed and approved by management vocalism and issued by head of quality system. The responsibility of implementing and maintaining the procedural steps of this procedure rests with in charge of purchase department. From planning Department- Planning Department deals with the allocation of work according to product Planning Department review the purchase order.After receiving it becomes the sales order. It includes all the necessary details regarding product and besides the address of the consignee. On the basis of this a W. P. S. (Work Plan Schedule) is prepared Plan horizon of UML is 15 days W. P. S. includes docket of all(prenominal) and every day. That is from the day despatching of the product. Something advance planning is made for the products, which are always in, demands (for e. g. fishing rope). From production department- The main manufacturing plants that U. M. I. contains a re wire, strand and rope. Its wires and ropes are used for various purposes. For e. . fishing rope, engineering ropes etc. U. M. I. is specialists of L. C. W. R. ropes, which is chiefly used, in mining industries U. M. I. ropes have to go through a tensile strength test before DESPATCHING. Research Topic Before we start our look, it is necessary to have at least some judgement of what to do? This is probably the most difficult and yet the most important component of the look for project. Without universe clear about what we are going to research it is difficult to plan how to research? because formulating and elucidate the research stem is the starting point of any research project.Taking into account the above matter, the research topic is formulated as such SALES PROCEDURES & LOGOSTICS Research Objective The research may begin with a general focus as a base from which to right a set of research objective. Objective is more generally acceptable as evidence of the detective s clear sense of purpose and direction. A research objective requires more rigorous thinking which derives from the use of more formal language. Therefore the broad objective of the study is * To analyses the dispatch of wire & rope. * Control of loading cycle time. To obtain the required knowledge of the subject. * To study the existing Sales procedures & Logistics of UML. * To find out the related riddle in its system and recommend solution as per the findings. * To analyse the working & function of the sales dept. or systems to know how well(p) the manpower is utilized. * To study the distribution network. * To find out the lacunae in the operate of the logistic department. * To find out whether the present distribution network need some changes. * To study the consumers behaviour to find out which area needs improvement. To suggest corrective measures to tighten the loose threads in the area of study Sub-objective These would be related to Sales Procedure and Logistics whic h contains the study of transportation. It would reveal * Whether the sales procedure and Logistics are properly followed by UML or not. * If not, then where the improvement is required. * Is the existing system sufficient with some modifications and improvement or does it needs to be changed to do the products well in the market and to increase the sales volume. Altogether the supposal / sub-objectives developed are To analyze the performance of the approved transporter. * To reduce the loading cycle time. * To find out the fluctuation of transportation rates. * To find out the time in documentation while releasing the loaded truck. * To upgrade the existing system concerning flow of material related to the transportation. * To analyze the activity of dispatch section insuring loading and dispatch of correct material so that these are delivered at customers end in good condition. Research design A research design is simply a put up work or plan for a study that guides the charm and analysis of data.It is a blue scar that is followed in completing study the main purpose of the study is to maintain flexibility and to discover ideas and insights not previously recognized therefore the study has been conducted in two phases. * Exploratory study * Conclusive study Exploratory study This research is often conducted because the problem has not been clearly defined as yet. It allows the researcher to familiarize himself with the problem or concept to be studied. It helps to determine the best research design, data collection method and selection of subjects.It has been aimed to study the basic know how about the Usha Martine Ltd. This has been done through making an canonic visit to all the functioning department of the company specially the sales co-ordination department. Conclusive study This research is meant to provide information that is useful in reaching conclusions or decision making. The research relies on twain the secondary data and the primary data. It has been conducted through interacting with various people of sales co-ordination, expertise, interviews, observations, data collection, office record, questionnaires etc.Information Requirement In a broader sense we can say that the two types of data available to a research are Primary data and Secondary data. Primary data are generated when a particular problem at hand is investigated by the researcher employing mail, questionnaire, telephone surveys, personal interview, observation, experiment. The primary data which were required for the research and to get the information, done through the help of survey. The survey thus conducted, applying the various tools, to get the information . These are done though I. Observation.II. Questionnaire. III. Interview. The process by which the trucks are loaded and in accordance the data which were collected, is done through the help of observation, questionnaire, and personal interview let the researcher to know about the loading cycle t ime, fluctuation in transportation rate, loading and dispatch of correct material, documentation process, transporter view , employee ideas etc. Secondary data includes those data which are collected for some earlier research work and are applicable in the study, the researcher has presently under taken.Secondary data include both quantitative and qualitative data, and they can be used in both exploratory research and conclusive research . There are variety of classification for secondary data. It may be documentary data, survey based data and those compiled from octuple sources. Documentary secondary data include written document of the organization. These records or the document include- 1. direct procedure of sales coordination department that are a) Dispatch of wire. b) Packing of wire. c) Marking of wire. d) Dispatch of rope. e) Packing of rope or reel for domesticated / Export ) Packing of rope in coil for Domestic / Export. g) deliberateness of the sub Contractor / Transp orter performance rating. h) Approval of transporter. i) Handling storage and disposal of customer returned material. 2. Monthly dispatch figure of finished product. 3. Daily dispatch figure of each product. 4. Organization websites. 5. Reports of committees. 6. Annual reports of the company. 7. Book. 8. Internet. 9. Domestic wise transportation rate per metric ton. 10. Dispatch documents consisting Invoice, Rough challan, Transporter consignment note, Guarantee certificate, security measures for test, Road permit etc. 1. Placement and dispatch of containers and trucks. Sampling Generally when field studies are undertaken in practical life , consideration of time and cost need to a selection for the researcher and that is selection of few items. Sample Technique The items which are selected is called sample and the process which involves in selecting the sample is called sample technique. In this research, technique which is used for the collection of data is judgmental sampling. Before starting rational judgment is taken and the sample should be the representative of the entire transportation under logistics. Sample SizeThis refers to the no. of items to be selected. It should be neither excessively large nor too small, it should be optimum. The optimum sample is one which fulfills the requirement of efficiency, representatives, dependableness and flexibility. The samples which are selected for the information collection are- a) Monthly dispatch figure of last three years. b) propagation taken by each truck for loading and also for the container were in number of five. c) Single truck / container each day for 5 days. d) Destination wise rates of transport for last three years. e) capital punishment rating of last quarter, ending of financial year 07 .Limitations The primary limitation of the project was the duration of one months that was set to complete the assignment. Lost of data had to be collected and analyzed for collecting the data regarding trans portation. some(prenominal) existing transporter could not interviewed. The secondary limitation was regarding to the secondary data collected from the internal sources of the company about the approved transporters, their products, loading cycle etc. because there was huge work pressure on managers as well as on supervisor Self visiting was not allowed by the company for collecting data.The company guide does have less time to spend with us because of busy schedule of sales-coordination department. Chart of time taken by each truck Findings From the entire study on native loading cycle time, it is observed that the total time taken by the trailer (including taking the drop off container) and truck exceed the normal time frame. The normal time taken is more than 5 to 6 hrs. this variation ranges from 5 hrs to 22 hrs. There are more areas that have taken in to consideration which create delay in delivery.These are as follows- * Late dispatch of documents led to late delivery of lo aded trucks. The dispatch documents generally release after 4o clock in the second half of the day and therefore even the trucks are fully loaded it waits for the document to get, before sprightliness the factory. * As per late preparation of certificate of test by Quality assurance department the entire documentation process moves slow make delay. * The sample size taken to calculate the total loading cycle time of fine trucks / container shows that not a single vehicle is loaded , within a time period of five to six hrs. Delay in arrival or in time placement of trucks or trailers. * The way which involves the loading cycle is so complicated that even the transporter wants to arrive quickly, it takes enough time. * The trucks generally wait in queues because the trucks which have arrived earlier are there for loading the material / goods at loading point. * As soon as the truck reports to the factory the two way process starts, the one by the transporter and the other by truck dr iver. Transporter reports to the sales office and the truck to security then weigh bridge and so on. UML uses only a single mode of transportation and that is the road ways. * Trucks are loaded as per loading advice memo. Time varies in loading different types of material. For domestic supply the loading of material takes less time but for the export it takes enough time. Time also varies in loading the material which generally are product wise, size wise, and order wise. * On few occasion printing and painting of reels is done after placement of lorry. The loading cycle time in the whole process is greater and it is a lengthy procedure this time needs to be trim down.Suggestion / Recommendation While undergoing the study various flaws regarding documentation process, loading point, dispatch area, transportation was observed. During this period of our study various pit falls and problems in existing system we found ,so to provide UML a better future various options has been chalke d out . * As per our analysis loading cycle time can be trim by on-line system entry. As the truck reports the truck no. , transporter name etc. must be entered into the system by the security officer. The information provided is uploaded by sales dept.The sales dept. then makes the loading advice memo entry in system accordingly and the dispatch dept. generates this loading memo and starts further process. * There should be a foolproof system of controlling, approving the placement of vehicles by logistics section to work under a committee comprising of 2/3 persons with empowerment to take decision. * Road permit, certificate of test other papers concerned with transportation should be arranged well in advance so as to avoid any type of delay in dispatching which might also avoid any type of delay in delivery. Painting printing of the reels should be done well in advance before the placement of lorry. Also material should be traced well in advance. * There should be some substit ute for the weigh bridge in charge in case if he goes for lunch other miscellaneous activities. * There should be a provision to develop more loading points at each dispatch sections of wire ropes , so as the trucks should not wait much to come to its turn for loading. Product wise, size wise, order wise, time varies for loading of different material , therefore there should be more loading point to tackle or overcome such difficulties. There should be a change in layout of loading cycle which creates some problem for heavy vehicle to weigh. This arrangement should be made easy and straight so that the process involved take less time. For example the weigh bridge should be placed near gate no. 3 which surely reduces the time in this period i. e. loading cycle period. * This entire process reduces the loading cycle time upto great extend and the work can be done effectively efficiently. Analysis of Monthly Despatch of Wire Rope 2007-10 (Quantity in MT) Month 2009-10 2008-09 2007- 08April 8150 7750 7533 May 9369 11295 8279 June 11399 10686 11960 July 10474 10679 9342 Aug 11614 11547 8667 Sep 12955 11827 12326 Oct 10148 9818 7595 Nov 11197 10889 9070 Dec 13721 9266 12366 Jan 11189 7467 9026 Feb 11133 9070 8380 Mar 15643 12019 13344 Total 136986 122313 117888 Monthly despatch figure from 2007-08 to 200910 Sale in Domestic commercialize for Year 2009-10 Month Quantity(In MT) April 5870 May 5988 June 7157 July 6948 howling(a) 7240 September 7698 October 7224 November 7369 declination 9533 January 7814 February 8083 March 11451 Total 92375 Sales in Domestic market 2009-10 Sale in Domestic Market for Year 2009-10 Month Quantity(In MT) April 5870 May 5988 June 7157 July 6948 August 7240 September 7698 October 7224 November 7369 December 9533 January 7814 February 8083 March 11451 Total 92375 Sales in Domestic market 2009-10 Sale in Export Market for Year 2009-10 Month Quantity(In MT) April 2280 May 3380 June 4241 July 3525 August 4374 September 5257 October 2924 November 3827 December 4187 January 3374 February 3050 March 4192 Total 44611 Sales in Export market 2009-10 SALES mathematical process IN THE YEAR 2009-10 Fig. Sales Performance in the financial year 2009-10 Fig. Sales Performance in the financial year 2009-10 (in MT) SWOT ANALYSIS OF USHA MARTIN LIMITED STRENGTH * Usha Martin Limited has a good grass image. * Usha Martin Limited produces good quality product. * Usha Martin Limited is one of the few producers in the world and in India as well which produces few specialty products like wire and wire rope. Usha Martin Limited has a good financial position. * Usha Martin Limited has a wide range of product. * It has big customer like Coal India, SAIL, TISCO, HEC, ONGC, ACC, CCL, BHEL, LT etc. * Usha Martin Limited has a strong export market. * Usha Martin Limited has implemented TPM (Total Productive Management) and ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) in 2000-01 with the objective of increasing productivity, raising quality, and redu cing costs. * In the Wire Rope division, the company entered Australia and South East Asia * The company acquired Brunt Shaw Ltd. a leading U. K. Wire Rope manufacturer, to source logically advanced Ropes and access European Market. * Usha Martin Limited has a sound workforce infrastructure. * It has sound commercially viable infrastructure. * Usha Martin Limited has a animate good Management Information System. * Usha Martin Limited performs many welfare activities for their employee by providing them medical facilities, bus facilities, and other welfare like canteen facility, vehicle advance and medical advance. * Usha Martin Limited has the second position in the world in producing specialty products. Usha Martin Limited has got a good market share of its product range in domestic market. WEAKNESS * Usha Martin Limited. Products are available at higher price. * It has lack of warehouse and distribution centres. * Its machines and tools have become old and obsolete. * Lack of mo rale has been seen among the employee of the UML. OPPORTUNITY * It can increase its sales by reducing the cost, so that it can sell its product at lesser price. * It can upgrade its position if it makes alliances or merges with small rivals, which are doing well at different zones of the country. Usha Martin Limited can increase its profit if it gives more emphasis on direct marketing with the customer. * Usha Martin Limited should look for areas, where there is no supplies at all * Usha Martin Limited should market its products and services on a broader horizon. * Usha Martin Lmited should forge into those product ranges, which is feasible for its diversification. * Usha Martin Limited should seek for new market globally, where things are favourable for it. THREATS * Small rivals are emerging at different parts of the country. *Low prices of the rivals product are a great flagellum for the Usha Martin Limited * Timely deliveries of the product by the competitors are putting more t hreat to the Usha Martin Limited. * Government always changes its policies & it brings a great threat to this organization. * Due to excess bundhs and chakka jams organised by the political parties and naxlites it is a big threats for this organisation. * Bad roadways of Jharkhand state results in late delivery of raw material and finished product and availability of raw materials at the right time. CONCLUSIONEvery organization stands on some pillars. These pillars are Finance, Marketing, operations and Human resources. To maintain the current position in the respective industry the organization has to be competent in all these areas. In case of UML, it is soon leader in the domestic market and no. two position in global market of wire rope industry. To maintain its current position at all the front as discussed above. After studying the sales procedure and systems of UML, it has been found that certain procedures are lengthy which can be reduced for effective functioning of the or ganization.And certain Jobs need to be off-loaded so that the manpower is utilized efficiently. It helps in coordination and functioning of the organization effectively, thus enhancing the productivity & profitability of the company. (1) Web sites concerned (a). www. ushamartin. com (b). www. wirerope . com (c). www. google. com (2). Company Journal (a)Annual report of UML (b)Office document (c) Usha News (3). Books Research Methods for Business Student Philip kotler