Reading Aloud Essay Example for Free

Reading Aloud Essay 1. 0 Introduction More than half of our lives today concern about reading ability. Through reading people are being introduce to values and knowledge. People usually read to get a job, as a hobby or to fulfill their dream. Reading always intertwine with literacy and the experiences that one felt via reading often different with each other. Different people have different understanding on text read. Reading materials can be magazines, newspapers, books, research articles, journals and other written form of texts. As long as people can write there will be always a text to read. Moreover, one academic skill that is especially important for school success is reading proficiency (Bernhardt, 2005). For children to succeed academically it is essential that they develop the foundational reading skills that will allow them to obtain knowledge fluidly through text and increased opportunities for learning (Joseph, 2006). Thus, reading proficiency is a fundamental skill which will help students to engage with new input or knowledge. However not all proficient readers have the ability to read fluently. According to Hudson (2009), reading proficiency constitutes of reading for fluency and reading for comprehension: reading for fluency deals with the accurate reading behavior which deals with reading with correct pronunciation. Whereas reading for comprehension deals with reading for understanding a text. Reading fluency is the most important component in reading skills and the numbers of students who can acquire a good reading fluency is not great (Schatschneider, 2006). Most curriculum in schools assumes that all students are literate and they can accumulate knowledge via reading (Rasinski Hoffman, 2003). However not all readers can read a passage fluently even though they can comprehend the passage well (Baker, Smolkowski, Katz, Fien, Seeley, Kame’enui, et al. , 2008). Hence, for years reading fluency was the forgotten stepchild of the reading curriculum because teachers and reading scholars were more interested in moving students as quickly as possible into silent reading, not the level of expressiveness in oral reading (Rasinski et al., 2008). Profoundly according to Elena Lilles et al. (2008) if students struggle with reading fluency, they will consequently struggle with other academic areas. Serious reading fluency problems in school limits success in most academic tasks and promote academic exclusion from intellectually rewarding and challenging educational opportunities (Entwisle, Alexander Olson, 2004). Ellen, Ramp, Anderson Martin, (2007) ask if students capable of comprehending a passage, will they also capable to read the same passage with correct pronunciation? They also explain that if the students can achieve a good level in comprehending a text in English, it does not guarantee that the students can acquire an efficient level in oral reading. As a consequence, students will face problems in using English language orally as medium of communicative language in society. However, students who are struggling to read can be helped through monitoring their oral reading fluency through a suitable reading approach (Schatschneider, 2006). Daly III, Chafouleas Skinner, (2005) has come out with several reading approach. There are 1)reading aloud, where the students need to read aloud a passage given several time before being evaluate by teachers, 2) phrase drill error correction, where the error words are being repeated until the students acquire the phonic sound, 3) performance feedback, where the students need to give feedback on passage that they have read. 4) Listening while reading, where the students need to read the passage aloud in the class and the students who are listening will learn how to pronounce certain words. 5) Folding in flashcard instruction, where the students learn to pronounce a word through flash cards. In conclusion, students should be able to acquire reading proficiency both in fluency and comprehending a reading text. The consequences of lack in reading proficiency could affect their academic performance. As solution reading habits should be implement in school. Students should practice reading in order to prevent them from being a struggle readers. Students who can comprehend a reading text does not mean that they can read the text fluently with correct pronunciation. Reading problem especially in reading fluency can be improved through appropriate intervention which seem to be suitable with the students. Thus, students’ weaknesses in reading a text should be identified in order to enhance their reading proficiency especially in reading fluency 1. 1 Background of the study Malaysia is characterised by a multilingual society where its population is made up of people who come from various ethnic and linguistic backgrounds (Harison, 2010). Thus, Malaysia has different kind of races that use different kind of languages. Malay students will use Malay language to communicate, the Indian students will use Tamil language and the Chinese students will use Mandarin language. Most of the time they will read books that related to their languages because of the need to enhance their reading on their mother tongue (Abdul Rashid, Chew Muhammad Kamarul, 2006). Hence, due to this matter, reading in English might being neglected or being less focused in school. When teacher conducting an oral test to our students, the interference of their mother tongue occurs and that made our students become a struggle reader (Siti Norliana, Roszainora Muthusamy, 2009). Most of the reading activities in Malaysian Secondary Schools focus on understanding a comprehension text which later the knowledge that they comprehend will be used to answer the questions given (KBSM, 2001). Therefore, secondary students reading skills was not optimally being explored. Teachers will ask several students to read aloud and most of the time will be silent reading. Indeed, the students only built their knowledge but they cannot read fluently which most of them having problem related to reading fluency (Siti Norliana, Roszainora Muthusamy, 2009). In order to find a solution for the reading problem related to reading fluency, a precise study on how can we help our Malaysian secondary students become a fluent reader is important to carry out. Reading fluency like has been mention above focused on students’ speed of accurate reading (Hudson et al. , 2005). Thus, this research focused on how we can help struggle readers to enhance their reading fluency. This study used reading aloud approach where the students need to read passage given orally. Reading passages were chosen from the Malaysian secondary English Textbook as the reading materials. CBM was used to measure the accurate reading or the percentages of correct word read during the reading sessions. Accurate reading focuses on 1) words pronounce correctly, 2) words read incorrectly which consist errors of mispronunciations, substitutions, and omissions, 3) three second rule which the words will be counted as an error when the teacher help the students to pronounce it after they hesitate in pronouncing the words for three seconds. Exactly as the guidelines provided by Daly III, Chafouleas Skinner, (2005, p. 78). Thus, the result of this research sought to reveal on how far the reading will aloud approach can improve Malaysian secondary students reading fluency. 1. 2 Problem statement Models of World Englishes has been coined by Professor Braj B. Kachru on 1985 (Phillipson, 2008). This model explains how English widely spread and used worldwide. According to Kachru, B. B. , Kachru, Y. , Nelson, C. L. , (2006), there are three circle models which can classify English as native language (ENL), English as a second language (ESL), and English as foreign language (EFL). The three circles model are: The current sociolinguistic profile of English may be viewed in terms of three concentric circles . . . The inner Circle refers to traditional cultural and linguistic bases of English. The Outer Circle represents the institutionalised non- native varieties (ESL) in regions that have passed through extended periods of colonization . . . The Expanding Circle includes the regions where the performance varieties of the languages are used essentially in EFL contexts. (Kachru, B. B. , Kachru, Y. , Nelson, C. L. , 2006). Concisely, this model explains about three circles which roughly classify three different English learners worldwide. 1) The Inner Circle houses countries, like the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and so on, where English is traditionally the primary or native language (English as Native Language). 2) The Outer Circle comprises countries where English has a long history of institutionalized functions, usually owing to a colonial past, and is used intra-nationally among fellow citizens who are usually bilingual (English as Second Language). Finally, 3) The Expanding Circle consists of countries in which English has no special status, but may be taught as a foreign language (English as Foreign Language) (Rajadurai, 2010). Applied to Malaysia, our country has traditionally been assigned Outer Circle status due to the British colonization. (David Govindasamy 2003). Rajah stated that the independence of Malaya in 1957, however, saw a continuing change in attitude towards the English language, in favor of the Malay language. English continued to be a dominant language. (as cited in Lee Su Kim, Lee King Siong, Wong Azizah, 2010). Competence in English had become a crucial partition in Malaysian society after the independence, carving out for itself a role in the economical areas, in education and placing the society status or standard among Malaysian. (Lee Su Kim, Lee King Siong, Wong Azizah, 2010). In the Malaysian school context, where English is officially stated and taught as a second language, learning English as a second language (ESL) in class always poses many language and cultural obstacles (Melor et al,.2012). Thus, there is a widespread concern among educators about students who not having the ability to read or students who is struggling to read in English (Zulhilmi, 2005). In News Straits Times newspaper dated on 12th February 2006 reported a survey conducted by the National Union of the Teaching Profession (NUTP) on students’ ability to read in English among secondary schools students in Malaysia. From the 70 secondary schools population of 73,858 students were analyzed, and from the analysis there are 34,890 students who could not read in English. What is more shocking is that some of these students are in Form five and having had eleven years of schooling and learning English as a second language yet they failed to achieve the basic skills of reading in English. Thus, students’ reading ability in second language need to be developed so that they can become fluent readers. (Noorliza, 2006). In order for students to succeed in reading fluently the teacher need to focus on enhancing their reading fluency (Baker, 2008). Baker also claimed that acquiring fluency in reading can also be considered important because it is also a part of developing reading ability. One of the ways to help students in enhancing their reading fluency is through reading aloud approach. (Hale et al. , 2007). Thus, this research will show the insight of struggling readers enhancing their reading fluency through reading aloud approach. 1. 3 Rationale of the study Several models of reading development suggest that reading fluency is a one of the most important components of effective reading ( Kuhn Stahl, 2003). Normally, students who are struggling to read will take longer time to develop their reading fluency. Due to this subject matter using reading aloud strategy seem to be an effective and convenient way to help our struggling readers. (Compton, Fuchs, D. , Fuchs, L. S. , Bryant, 2006) Rasinski Padak (2008) claims that reading aloud approach should be an instructional routine in all classrooms, including those for student who experience difficulty in reading. Another advantage of reading aloud, especially for those who find reading difficult, is that it familiarizes students with the style and form of written language. It also provides students with a model of what fluent reading should sound like. (Goering Baker, 2010). Furthermore, Nurazila et al. , (2011) claim that the use of reading aloud approach is less being attempt to be studied by our Malaysian researchers. Indeed, they also stated that this reading approach strengths and weaknesses still need to be investigate deeper. So, the rationales of this study open up the chance to enhance students reading fluency using reading aloud approach. 1. 4 The Purpose and Objective of the study. The purpose of this study is to investigate the reading fluency development of our secondary school students using reading aloud approach. Henceforth, the objectives of this study are: 1. To identify whether reading aloud approach can improve students reading fluency or not 2. To identify whether reading aloud approach has a positive influence on the subjects’ percentages of correct words read during the treatment was given. 3. To identify students common errors in their reading session. 1. 5 Research questions Thus, research questions of this study will be: 1. To what extent does reading aloud approach improve students’ reading fluency? 2. To what extent does reading aloud approach influences the subjects’ percentages of correct words read in each reading sessions during the treatment was given? 3. To what extent does students make errors in their reading sessions? 1. 6 Significance of the study 1. 6. 1. Society level At the society level, this study can help in developing number of peoples who can use English as a second language fluently which can cater jobs requirement as English is being used as second language in Malaysia. This study will also help the new generation equip with proper level English proficiency that can help them face the globalization era which English is widely being used as universal language. 1. 6. 2. School level. This study will help school to improve their students reading abilities in order to gain better result in major examination in English subject. It is also will give an idea on how to save struggle readers in the schools. 1. 6. 3. Teacher At the pedagogical level, this study can assist the teachers in solving problems in reading fluency among the students. Students who are struggling readers could be helped through the approach used in this research which later could help teachers to easily conduct the lesson of the day without facing any problem in teaching and learning session. 1. 6. 4. Students. This research might help the student in enhancing their reading proficiency. Students not only competent in reading to gain comprehension and knowledge but also can convey the knowledge fluently through oral reading using accurate pronunciation, intonation and reading rate. 1. 7 Limitation of the study 1. 7. 1. Time limitation In order to carry out this research, a consistent time management should be taken care of. This study has to be conducted 4 times a week, for 5 weeks. So, a proper supervision of time is needed. However, in school the periodic timetable given and the school’s programs will interrupt the suggested period of the research. 1. 8 Definition of terms 1. 9. 1 Reading fluency Reading fluency is often defined as â€Å"the ability to read rapidly with ease and accuracy and to read with appropriate expression and phrasing. (Grabe, 2008). In this study, reading fluency refers to accurately read the words in one minute without making errors in the reading sessions. 1. 9. 2. 1 Accurate reading. According to Fletcher, Francis, Morris Lyon (2005) accurate reading is the ability to recognize word, how to sound a words which involve the process of pronouncing words correctly with the correct pronunciation. In this research, accurate reading refers to reading a passage accurately without making errors in reading. The errors consist of mispronunciation, substitutions and omission, and three second rules which the words will be counted as an error when the teacher help the students to pronounce it after they hesitate in pronouncing the words for three seconds. 1. 9. 2 Reading aloud approach Rasinski (2003) defined reading aloud as a process of sounding the words in written forms loudly with appropriate facial expression, rhythm and use the correct punctuation marks in the texts read. In this study reading aloud means students need to read passage given orally in front of teacher. Teacher will assist the students through monitoring the students’ reading. Students will be given chances to read the passages repeatedly before the students’ progress in reading were taken. 1. 9. 3 Curriculum Based Measurement Curriculum-based measurement (CBM) is a standardize format for assessing reading fluency in one minute time. (Daly III, Chafouleas Skinner, 2005). In this study, CBM refers to students reading progress in one minute. CBM will show the level of students’ reading fluency gain through reading treatment given for the students. 1. 9. 4 Struggling readers Struggling readers refers to students who fail to recognize words, fail to comprehend various types of text, have little motivation to read and spend less time in reading. (Chard, Vaughn Tyler, 2002). In this research struggling readers refers to students who fail to pronounce a word with correct intonation using appropriate reading speed and students who can comprehend the texts but having difficulties in sounding the words in a text.

The Changing Nature of Crime and Law Enforcement Essay example -- essa

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law enforcement agencies nationwide must constantly adapt to the changing nature of crime and the ways criminals must be prosecuted. New dangers like terrorism, as well as old ones, such as public corruption, threaten the public and force police agencies to acclimate themselves to this new environment. President Clinton explained the need for the development of the federal and local law enforcement agencies. â€Å"We have begun to find a way to reduce crime, forming community partnerships with local police forces to catch criminals and prevent crime. This strategy, called community policing, is clearly working. But we still have a long way to go before our streets are safe and our people are free from fear. Our next step in the fight against crime is to take on gangs the way we once took on the mob. I'm directing the FBI and other investigative agencies to target gangs that involve juveniles in violent crime, and to seek authority to prosecute as adults, teenagers who maim and kill like adults. More police and punishment are important, but they're not enough. We have got to keep more of our young people out of trouble, with prevention strategies not dictated by Washington, but developed in communities†(Clinton). Federal agencies within the United States must handle cases on the home front while at the same time dealing with international issues relating to crime. The problem with international crimes and criminals is that the issue of jurisdiction b...

Letter to Best Friend About Not Quiting High school Essay

I have been thinking about what you announced to us and I wanted to help you out. I am willing to help and encourage you to not drop out of high school because you need have a good future. Dropping out of high school is not the best way to give up because your having problems, failing a class or just feel that you don’t like school. You yourself need to set your mind that you can do it ! I believe education is important because you learn new things, it prepares you, and orientates you through the right path. In order to be successful in life we have to focus and be perseverance. In the first place, I’m going to convince you of staying in school and earn that diploma. Earning that diploma can give you many opportunities. With a diploma you can get a job. Its sometimes difficult to apply to jobs without them seeing you didn’t finish your high school. Its important to get that diploma because it says a lot about you that you didn’t give up and tried your best throughout high school to earn it. With a diploma you can go to any college or university. It shows schools that you conquered to complete your high school to move onto the next level. Also, it basically proves to that you completed your four years of high school education,which is important. Second, you need to continue with your education because it is important that you learn all the materials you need to know including mathematics, history, English , science and others courses. It is necessary that you stay in school because without you knowing any of this it might confuse you in future exercises including those subjects. It is important that you learn these subjects because it useful for everything. For example, mathematics, is going to be needed for the rest of your life. Math is needed in everything as in counting money, and other things. All types of jobs need mathematics like cashier and accountants. History is also important to learn for those who maybe want to become a history teachers to teach their student about our the history of the U. S or other countries. Science is also useful in anything you maybe want to work in a science lab investigating and looking deep into your research. English is kind of like math English is used everywhere. Learning grammar and punctuation is very important also, you don’t want to misspell a word. What I’m trying to do is just convince you that finishing these courses can help you in whatever you want to become either it is becoming an accountant, history teacher, work in a science lab, or just not make any errors in your English it is important that you learn all these materials that are going to prepare you for your future. Third, going through high school might me hard , difficult , and confusing at times but it also makes you think about life. It makes you think about what you want to become as in your career. With time you start realizing what you like and dislike. Also, I believe that finishing your high school and getting your diploma makes you feel special. It makes the people around you happy that you accomplished and finished. It shows that you never gave up and tried your best to make them happy and yourself. It says a lot about you that you got a diploma and it can open many doors for you in the future. To conclude, I encourage you friend to finish your high school and earn that diploma. High school teaches you new things, it prepares you, helps you decide what you want to be become in the future. Earning your diploma gives you many opportunities, learn all your basic courses needed, and it makes the people around you happy because you showed them and your self that you can do it and acconplish your goals. I’m encouraging you to not quit and think about it twice and not drop out look at all the opportunities you have and all you can do it !

Diversity in the Middle School Essay - 1890 Words

Middle school learners are perhaps the most diverse group of students in education today. The differences that exist in every classroom, including gender, socio-economic class, linguistic and cultural background, learning style, and intellectual capacity, is increased by individual differences in developmental level. While all middle school students will progress through different developmental levels and display the characteristics inherent in each, they will reach and conquer these developmental milestones at difference times. Because of this difference in developmental maturity, students may also be at their most vulnerable, as they progress through stages they don’t understand and can’t control. Due to these significant†¦show more content†¦Due to psychological changes, they will struggle with inferiority and will tend to be critical of differences in others. Because of this they must be taught the value of diversity, and the need to respect others. Th ey are also searching for an identity. Education is responsible to help them achieve an ethical perception of themselves. They will experience a developing understanding of existential questions and instances of injustice. Students must be given opportunities to do morally acceptable things and ask and answer moral questions. It is essential that they grow to view themselves as â€Å"good people of high moral standing.† (Erb, p. 110) Socially, their emotions may be erratic, ranging in moods of an extreme high to deepest despair, all within the same class period. They want to find significance and meaning, and will look to adults to show the way. However, they need to develop their own independence. Appropriate Learning Instructional Strategies Teachers must hold high expectations for all of their students and recognize that all learners seek challenge, purpose, and affirmation. Students naturally want to learn and teachers must expect them to respond with investment, persistence, an opportunity to display their accomplishments and personal reflection. (Woolfolk, 2011). Teachers must connect new content with the knowledge scaffolding a student already possesses, in a way that encourages focused and engaged learning. To engage studentsShow MoreRelatedThe Basis Of Our Concept For Security Comes From Our Experience Here At St. Michael s College869 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers and students have the means to unlock certain areas of the school. The idea’s inspiration was the lock systems in place in dormitories here at SMC. By contrast, our visit to Hunt Middle School showed the advantages and shortcomings of simply keeping all doors unlocked at the start of the day and locked during the rest. In this school, guests were required to sign in at the main office, but they were able to enter the school freely if they went while students arrived. 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The Development of a Personal Philosophy of Education - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 957 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Education Essay Level High school Tags: Philosophy Of Education Essay Did you like this example? I started with the Foundations of Education class with no working knowledge the education system nor any teaching philosophies. I did not realize that its not just about classroom management or teaching to a curriculum. The course has given me new tools and vocabulary. In reflection, Foundations of Education has helped me develop a philosophy of education, realize that there is more than one way of teaching, and open my eyes to the issues facing students today. To be educated thoroughly, no matter the circumstances. This is the first thought that comes to mind when I think about my philosophy of education. As of now, my philosophy is fuzzy, but I do believe that, as the text used for this class suggests, my philosophy will evolve and develop as I gain more experience in the classroom. (Kauchak, 2017) My philosophy is this: I believe that education should be practical, that it should be enjoyable, and that it should be a lifelong pursuit that helps the student become the best person they can be. As I plan on becoming a paraprofessional, I realize that I need to communicate and collaborate with the teacher I will be working with to have our day run smoothly. (Fitzell, 2017) This means being open to and supporting the head teachers philosophy of education and teaching style while still maintaining my own. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Development of a Personal Philosophy of Education" essay for you Create order It is my belief that to be well-rounded in your education you need to be open to experiences, that you need Just Do It as the slogan goes. It would be naive of me to believe that all my students will have such prospects, so it is my challenge to provide opportunities for students to learn in a way that is relevant to their lives. (Kauchak, 2017) In other words, Ill most likely be using the progressivist philosophy with a hands-on approach to instruction. Ive found that my most memorable lessons have always been tied to my interests. For example, in elementary school, I learned how to do citations and look up multiple resources. This was done by making an A to Z booklet with each page featuring a topic of my choice. Although I sometimes struggled to figure out a topic to fit a letter of the alphabet, the project was engaging since I could choose what I researched, and I learned how to properly cite resources through repetition. This project also helped me form a base for information l iteracy (Baron, n.d.), which has helped me immensely in our media-laden world. But its not just the nitty-gritty of sifting through information that I feel needs to be focused on. Students need to be able to translate what they learn in school into life skills, both social and practical in nature. (Watson, 2018) Most of my ideas in this area are math based since the subject was excruciating for me to grasp as a child. As an adult, I use math concepts daily. Shopping, sewing, and cooking are just to name a few. I feel that if the concepts had been applied to everyday uses, then I would have learned them more quickly, and probably would have enjoyed my math class much more. I now know that I can be the driving force behind my students enjoyment of learning and that I do not need to feel limited to one mode or thought of teaching. It came as a surprise to me that there were so many ways of teaching. In fact, when I read about the Axiology branch of philosophy, I did not give it much thought. Why would I need to teach ethics and values? I never thought that ethics could be something that I would consider including in my instruction in a classroom. Recently, I learned that moral development starts early and is influenced by the adults and peers in a childs life. (Berk, 2013) This knowledge in conjunction with our nations current obsession with high-stakes testing leading to shallow learning and arbitrary tests (Kauchak, 2017) has led me to believe that we need to go back to learning character skills. Even if it is as subtle as imbuing lessons of character, morality, and ethics with the standard curriculum, (Barnwell, 2016) or directly teaching empathy through reading, (Rymanowicz, 2018) I want my students to be able to feel their moral compass. I recognize now though that there is so much working against our students today, not just in the way of morals. Before I only thought of what affected me as a student, and I realize now that this can be a sort of trap and being aware of that is the first step. Whether its funding, chronic absenteeism, academic pressure (Litvinov, 2018) or new drug paraphilia such as Juuls, (Ducharme, 2018) I am now more alert to keeping myself informed of what may be hindering our students. I realize that I also need to work on not being so quick to judge these issues if I am to become a more effective instructor. I feel that an effective teacher is a caring one, and by educating myself on what faces my students I can develop a positive relationship with them. (Suttie, 2016) Learning is for life. It makes living enjoyable, it helps us with the mundane things, and it makes us better people. This is what I hope to instill in my students: to be the best person and live their best life through knowledge. Foundations of Education has bolstered my understanding of the many modes and philosophies of education as well as the issues facing our students. The course has made me feel more prepared for my instructive pursuits. In the end, my life-long academic journey continues, and I look forward to using the knowledge from this course to help enrich the lives of my students.

Nationalism, Industrialization, And Colonialism On Wwi And...

Introduction World War I occurred as a result of a number of political, social, and economic changes that were taking place at a rapid pace in the region. A prominent transformation was the onset of industrial revolution that accompanied these changes. Many countries were investing significantly in industrialization while undergoing transformation that was changing the face of society. To enhance patriotism and to achieve objectives that were otherwise impossible, political forces were utilizing notions like nationalism. In this scenario, the colonies of European nations became the cause of significant rivalry and disputes, settled only after the blood of millions was shed. The war had far-reaching consequences for all nations that were involved in the conflict such that the entire boundaries of many countries were remarked. This paper will discuss the impact of nationalism, industrialization, and colonialism on WWI and its occurrence. Nationalism’s Effect on World War I The political and social conditions of Europe before the onset of the World War I were extremely unstable and undergoing a rapid transition that was driven by national interests of different nations living in the region. Nationalism was endorsed to promote patriotism among masses and to achieve political objectives that were in alignment with the national or political interests of countries. As the time passed, the growing influence of imperialism and the ideology of nationalism manifested multifaceted

Security Risk Management Case Study Sample

Question - Prepare a case study regarding security risk management in a Casino Table of Contents Introduction: 1.1 Assets to be protected. 1.2 Threats and probability of occurrence. 1.3 Impact and consequences of a successful attack. 1.4 Design consideration or strategies to minimise the risk. 1.5 Specific measures relevant to the security risk management 1.5.1 Adjacent areas: 1.5.2 Perimeter protection. 1.5.3 Protection of the important areas: 1.5.4 Security systems and work force: 1.5.5 Security procedures and plans. Conclusion: Reference list : Appendix: Introduction: The designing of a security system for a casino is not an easy task, since it requires a high degree of security risk management system. The security system of casino is being managed by construction of towers for the Casino Police. There will be two towers that is planned to build. Tower 1 is build for the Casino Police and the Interpol, where as the Tower 2 is for the maintenance of the security in MCI (ministry of communication and Information). There is an extreme necessity of assessing needs of the security management system, before designing a strong security system for a casino. The casino risk managers are involved in the risk management process before they begin the design for development of the casino. The various important steps involved in risk management process are the Asset, identification and characterization, identification of vulnerability of specific assets and selecting the cost effective measures in the implementation of the risk management system. 1.1 Assets to be protected The assets that are needed to be protected for the complete protection of the Casino are the two towers that are Tower 1 and Tower 2. The main task in the protection of the Casino is being done by the building of two towers, one tower (Tower 1) for the Casino police and the Interpol and the second tower (Tower 2) is meant for the MCI. The tower 1 is being built in order to provide protection through the proper channel of system. Tower v1 is being build up for the Casino Police and Interpol. The Tower 2 is being build up for MCI. The Tower 2 is being built up in such a manner that it plans to occupy the upper 10 floors. The lower floor of Tower 2 will be leased out for the commercial Tenants. The tower 1 is purposefully building up for the transmission of the signal to the Casino police and the Interpol. This tower is mainly for the security issues to be solved by the Casino police. The tower 2, is also build up in the opposite side basement for MCI. This tower is also meant for the provision of the security that work on the providing of the data to the ministry of communication and information. 1.2 Threats and probability of occurrence This part deals with the assessment with the identification of possible threats that can cause destruction if any risk prevails. The risk managers of the casino are involved in the collection of required information in the form of data analysis by the researcher in respect to the casino risk management system. The investigators of the threat assessment programme are detecting the threats, in order to determine the possible threats that can occur. The most form of the threats that can occurs inside the casino are the involvement of the criminals, barrier of business competitors, involvement of the hackers and the foreign intelligence agencies and the terrorist. Those are the threats that have been detected by the investigators of the risk management system of the casino. The threats are indirect form of the natural disasters and possess the cyber threats like the system virus attacks and the out of service. These threats can be also in the form of the political involvement terror atta cks inside the casino. These are the short-term politically motivated protests via cyber means or physical, regardless of the individual or the organisational involvement. For that matter even, the companies or the major banks under the government departments may also be targeted as part of the global attack. An effective way for the prevention of certain horrified attacks in the casino by the security specialists is to organise the threat data by using the previous data record from the past disaster events and attacks all across the globe in the casino. The data record of the past attacks by different sources will provide the researcher to enable a detailed analysis of the possible threats from the threat assessment program carried out by the investigators. Now it is the responsibility of the investigator to make effective plans and preventive measure to stop the further attack of the possible occurrence of the threats. 1.3 Impact and consequences of a successful attack There are variable consequences and impacts that can be seen due to the occurring of the possible threats in the casino. There are different categories that can be seen in terms of the negative impact of the disasters in the form of attacks and cyber crimes inside the casinos. Public health: Effect on the human life and the normal running of the human life styles getting impacted. The physical well-being is also distorted in those consequences. This may involve in the form of fatalities, injuries and illness. The health and hygiene of the public are being equally kept in account of the risk management system, accordingly run the system in order to provide the public with a healthy system of the Casino. Public safety: The safety to the public visiting the place inside the resort cum Casino. The security system of the Casino cum the resort try to manage the system of the Casino and try to maintain a healthy and safe system to the public visiting to the place inside the Casino. The safety measures are being provide by the risk management system of their sort cum Casino in order time have a quality time effort then public ego are the regular the members of the Casino. The risk management system also port emphasize on the public safety by maintain strong control on the access of the entrance of the Casino. Economic effect: The economic losses can be in either the form of indirect or the direct form, such as the cost for the remaking of the loss in the infrastructure. It may also involve the cost to respond to and recover the loss in the attacks, downstream costs resulting from the disruption of the product or the loss. This also may involve the long-term cost due to the environmental damage of the infrastructure. Psychological effect: The effect on the public morale and confidence that is hampered due to these kinds of offences. This leads to the change in the perception of the local citizen on the understanding of the government attitude. This ultimately puts a negative impact on the publics sense of safety and the well-being of the people staying in the city. Mission impact: The maintenance of the order, delivery of the public sense of the safety and the well being and the loss of the minimum essential public services in order to ensure the health and safety of the public residing in the city. This leads to the change of the public behaviour and mar questions on the public security under the guidance of the government pressure. 1.4 Design consideration or strategies to minimise the risk The security of the risk management and the design consideration for the tower is build that is based on the security enhancement of building towers in the periphery of the Casino. The towers are building for the Casino police and the Interpol, and the tower 2 is build based on the security of the Casino ministry of communication and information. The Interpol has the intelligence that International crime syndicates are attempting to build inroads into Singapore. The government has decided to build a dedicated premise and complete security for Casino police. This will enable to select the group of the Interpol Officers at the Marina Bay Area. Thereafter the ministry if the information and communication has decided to re locate are the new site for the construction of the separate tower in the new site. These will enable to enforce the following security options. In depth security: The concept of the security in depth defines the barrier in the design of an effective infrastructure of the Casino. It is one of the concepts that is mostly used in the military field. Through these concepts, the barriers are referred as the lines of the defence in the strategies in the Casino design. Property line: The property line is the first line of defence for the security management of the casino. The proper infrastructure such as maintaining street lights and fences for the infrastructure maintenance inside casino is provided by superior security management system. Apart from that the Casino are being provide with the constant monitoring system by inserting camera at the regular area covering the casino periphery. This will help in the detection of the criminal activities that may occur in the interior of the casinos. Infrastructure security building: The security managements system can be more effective with the usage of CCTV inside and outside the Casino periphery. This will help in the record maintenance with the video tape recording. To access the control of the employees is the major concern for the risk security management. Detection and response: The security system inside the casino has the different functionality such as the detection and the response. These functions are the important asset protection in the security management system. It means the discovery of the advisory action that deals with the security management. The importance of the physical security system is needed to detect the criminal acts, which will be occurring within the organisational premises. Surveillance of the staffs of the casino is done in order to influence the security system of the casino. The detection process also involves the installation of the fire extinguisher in order tom detect if there is any risk of the fire within the casino. This leads to the quick and precise security system as the safety and asset protection of the casino. 1.5 Specific measures relevant to the security risk management 1.5.1 Adjacent areas: The adjacent areas around the two towers that have been build up for the protection of the Casino in such a way that the Casino will be protected from entire of its surrounding. The tower 1 is set to occupy for the Casino police and the Interpol. The tower 2 is made in such a way in order to occupy the upper 10 floors of the tower2 by the MCI i.e. Ministry of communication and information. Those two towers will be connected by the sky bridges at the 5th, 10th and the 15th storeys. Hence at those levels of the floor, the two of the towers are being connected by the sky bridges so that a common platform can be shared. The two towers are being in such a manner that they share a common 5-level basement carpet. The common basement carpet is going to build such that it will house a lock-up capacity of up to 100 persons at the same instant of time. First 3 levels of the Casino Police tower will have a CAFETERIA and an AUDITORIUM CUM EXHIBITION space. These are meant for the public education and the awareness programmes. 1.5.2 Perimeter protection As per the schematic layout of the Tower proposed by the government, there is to be building of two towers in the premises of the Casino. The government has decided to build a Casino protection system according to the ministry of Communication and information (MCI), plans. One of the towers that are Tower 1 is build above the floor that consists of the Cafeteria, auditorium and the exhibition space. It is meant to be building for the Casino Police and the Interpol. The tower 2 is build around 10 floors consisting of the MCI and the Commercial space. There are different functionalities of easy of the accord ring to security features inside the Casino. The sky bridge storeys will connect these two Towers. The two towers are going to share the information and provide awareness programmes inside the public of the Casino (Refer to appendix). The two towers are being build in such a manner as to provide are secure information system for the Casino Police inside the Casino premises. The perimeter of the Casino is being protected by the two towers meant to be build for the Casino police, the Interpol, and the MCI particularly. The two towers are particularly share by a common 5 level basement car park that is also be a house lock-up capacity of up to 100 persons at any one time. This connectivity is attached to the basement connected to the sea level. The Interpol has the intelligence to stop the International Crime Syndicates that are able to attempt in order to make inroads into Singapore. It is followed by the sea rise place where many family people including their children, are coming to visit the casino. Hence, the casinos are becoming the point of attraction for the tourists from the far areas to have quality with their friends and relatives. This protects the operation of the Casino with the building of the two Tower s. 1.5.3 Protection of the important areas: The important areas that needs to be protected is the dedicated premise, where are the two Towers are being build up. For that purpose, the Ministry of Communications and Information (MCI) is planning to co-locate at the new site. These crucial areas of the Casino have been protected with the help of the strong information system. It is being run with the help of the capturing of the signals through the building of the towers around the Casino for the Casino police, Interpol and the MCI. These are the tower that are the key signal indicators, since these are connected with a strong information system to catch any there is any unwanted activities inside then Casino. 1.5.4 Security systems and work force: The protective measures to be initiative of the collaborative effort of the management system are in order to provide a high sensitive system of protection inside the Casino. In view of the provision of the protection, the government has decided to build a dedicated premise for the two towers at the Marina Bay Area. The Tower 1 is built for the Casino Police and the Interpol. The 1st three levels of the Casino police Tower will have a cafeteria and an auditorium cum exhibition space. Tower 2 is being build up for the MCI. It is planning to occupy a separate Tower due to the height constraints that is imposed on the new development. The operation of the Casino has been made flexible inside the operation of the Casino. The flexibility of the Casino operation made the work system to be more sensitive towards any somewhat criminal attracts and tasks inside the area. For that reason the security risk management has build a string intelligence system to protect the data and the information system inside the Casino to fall under the possess of any unwanted people either inside the Casino or outside the Casino. The detection of the possible threat also requires a certain effort on the side of the security risk managers of the Casino cum resort. After the detection of the possible threat, the preventive measures are actually set by the security authorities of the Casino in order to provide a complete security for the normal operation of the functions of Casino. This enables to provide a higher degree of protection of the Casino from the external threat of the Casino. The authorities of the officials then set the prevent ive measures and the plan of the security are responsible for the protection of the security system of the Casino cum resort. They manage to design appropriate designs and strategies in order to fight against the externals that are mad to the purpose of the destruction of the Casino and cause harm to thousands of people and cause economic condition. There is protection system applied by the owners and the operation of the commercial office and residential buildings across the Casino place complex. The commercial place and the operators of the security system put the rigorous protective system that makes sure to provide complete security facility. This will enable the security workers of the Casino to be always alert for the upcoming threat and the necessary actions and preventive, measures taken for the protection of the Casino. The common protective measure take for the protection of the Casino are: Tower 1 for the Casino police and the Interpol Tower 2 for the information security in MCI There are various other forms of the protective measures initiated for the implementation of a tight security system. This form of training is imparted to the security personnel of the Casino management, so that the securities of the Casino are being controlled under the proper and systematic guidance of the management system. This will enhance the security risk management inside the resort-cum Casino. Hence, the people who are visiting the place with their children can enjoy freely inside the resort. The security system has now limited the access to the control and ten operation of the Casino with time regulatory system. 1.5.5 Security procedures and plans Assessing threats: The assessing of the risk in the form of assessing of the threat in the context of the terror attacks. It is the ability of the security system to recognise the target the existing security measure. For that purpose, the government has decided to build the two set of the towers at the Marina Bay Area. The two towers are being connected by sky bridges at the 5th, 10th and at the 15th floor. These two towers a share a common 5-level basement that is going to house a lock-up capacity of up to 100 people at one time. It accounts for the identification of the method required for the estimation of the threat inside the casino. The consideration of the method is to tackle the possible threat prevailing inside the casino. It considers the degree of the advisory intent in order to attract the target to avoid such attacks inside the casino. The functionality involves the methods to identify the possible threat and act accordingly. According to the security plans initiated by the ministry of communication and information, the two set Towers are going to be developed in the formation of a strong system of the Security system in the resort cum Casino. There are also many other families that often visit along with their children to spent a quality tome in the wonderful resort in the periphery of the Casino. Conclusion: The Casino industry has developed tremendously since 1930s. The security management system of this Casino hence needs to be maintained with the tight level of security within the periphery of the Casino. This initiatives led by the ministry has taken the initiative to provide a Casino Tower infrastructure for the development of the tight security system. Those towers are meant for the providing of the information to the Casino police, Interpol and the MCI. As a result the workload of the Casino Police has increased tremendously. Reference list: Books: Ames, D., Droessler, T. and Hoit, M. (2011). 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Computers Security, 31(2), pp.249-250 Southern, S. (2009). Creating risk management strategies for IT security. Network Security, 2009(3), pp.13-16 Websites: Anon, (2015). [online] Available at: https://Security risk management in casino [Accessed 2 Jan. 2015] Appendix: Figure: Schematic of the security development of the Casino